繁體中文
不翻译
简体中文
English
繁體中文
日本語
한국어
切換到窄版

WK綜合論壇, WK综合论坛

 找回密碼
 立即注册
樓主: wk007

鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

[複製鏈接]
發表於 2025-1-4 03:25:35 | 顯示全部樓層
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old  P) [/ m% X  s% r6 Q  ?: o$ D
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical9 K3 u9 H1 r- j* [
Exposure to Testosterone! q3 Y) Q1 ?* @
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
: r0 p7 J: ]! D- y( H+ L, r. Gand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1+ K  q4 f( b7 R: j  Q1 w9 e
Clinical Pediatrics- O. @' r* X5 R0 |) p- Q
Volume 46 Number 6  _8 {1 m, c7 l' N0 U2 D
July 2007 540-543, e0 [  \5 ?9 k# V
© 2007 Sage Publications
* Y5 x$ |( @+ u( N$ Y10.1177/0009922806296651
7 z$ Q: P+ q3 J) d: |* o6 dhttp://clp.sagepub.com
8 F  N% B1 ~5 X: \$ ?hosted at
2 J! f) s: h" E' r7 Z2 j6 t. T0 d) \http://online.sagepub.com
8 ]' n) u1 G6 B& p% c% f8 lPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,* K! u3 h. B$ |. j6 n. R8 z+ r% U* b
is a significant concern for physicians. Central" r6 H# @. \1 q; i: D' Q: M2 L4 g
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
4 b7 L& E; `6 a1 |6 m1 Q& C0 B7 pthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
0 ]' H- l( N  o% D1 u4 j" C, @+ [a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
# t0 A# w% T) `( L0 A9 s) Rlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
7 \% h7 ^# {7 h' l. r7 Tby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic3 S! m6 d  c9 [
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-6 D1 J) e, C5 {2 `
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
6 }$ u( a) ~, q( d. |$ A  sreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
3 W5 Z2 [# n& K6 |& Kenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
5 J, f" ?5 c- i' M) P3 ]9 pment without testicular enlargement, which was due
- C4 i& F6 D' H+ M- W2 Yto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
+ x: a. F4 ]$ L0 e5 Q( Sthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
1 o5 m9 U7 u9 H+ e  p' lmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
2 o0 M( e) d5 @4 }/ K* \child. Given the widespread and easy availability of2 O1 l. f  j; z# S1 G! P: [
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-$ F; N5 `5 w0 i2 d5 y% Y! |( \8 @
bly more common than the rare case report in the
0 T6 f6 {8 A7 y, j7 T5 H/ Oliterature.4
: }: _/ i- Q& H) G% zPatient Report
8 j) E0 l) x" m& S7 _; F. F& S. y& ], eA 16-month-old white child was referred to the' E0 M3 b+ j, j7 j( D% r3 m) t
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern0 W% t1 L: H) U' ]/ A0 k
of early sexual development. His mother noticed9 ]: @/ G. y6 ?2 y1 N: d
light colored pubic hair development when he was9 F. \9 S5 ~$ }/ A0 i- c. t/ a2 o
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of6 `# _! Q1 A: T& h( V, r4 I% w9 k
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.% X+ V6 @0 L* X
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
, c6 ^0 w0 p; DProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
6 w9 `* m& d! y/ D, U- E  F$ pMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
. m4 n# |0 o7 Y% a3 J/ e% ie-mail: [email protected].
: W9 G3 A2 N1 Yabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became9 ^% h9 N: t& o+ x4 q. G
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-4 L0 r! o) d9 i" G( u6 d
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
% \2 F( v3 ^$ h; v; W( pwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with( W' j- A3 m- n3 s7 B4 |
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of; S8 t- u+ @4 H7 n% R/ {+ P
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
" ^( b0 M3 x4 h& U9 H7 Jof life and was still receiving breast milk along with0 _3 c7 T8 H: y$ d/ x
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
" {8 _, I. K; M  c# s' D' }and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
- A& D; o' e6 }5 twas age appropriate.
! V7 y$ V8 ]" g' {: PThe family history was remarkable for the father,4 I& ~2 _) x; R5 k
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
( O* e. m0 w/ b8 ]/ R  r( |which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s7 L3 N' M+ y& ]4 {( n8 }$ s* ~
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
* T) `) \! h8 m& m, ], kearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
5 e/ _0 y+ z3 n" y( eThe father denied taking any other medication. The
0 K7 ?. |# j0 }6 Echild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
1 a1 Y3 ]; s: s6 V9 Iwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet3 m0 {9 F5 F1 _8 U
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-; W- v1 V( R$ ?3 \
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-* W" N# S" \9 b6 b# u* k) P5 z
tives. There were no siblings.( q& Y  u5 o, N9 o$ P5 q- i
Physical Examination
8 y- w- l7 }7 p3 g" G2 b' N7 n5 D8 cThe physical examination revealed a very active,
. f4 \+ ^5 C) E- R0 Q% Aplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
' w6 {" K# H1 o  z0 b' @: ]a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was- x" |- C+ T3 A' N
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
6 |6 Q$ H1 t: _5 x(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
1 @2 c, g- B4 f% W! P) Ivelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of" N0 ~" y8 c# j0 w  B& h" D
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
5 x6 h& {5 h9 F: n1 k( ]/ e' YThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
1 Q: n, @) {/ @+ e5 renlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
" B# x# W6 f& ]; D* A8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well+ y' v' I- |) E' E' z$ e0 P+ {1 ~$ }
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
1 d+ g" {0 F. n* @6 R1 g) f540
, O- x- D! T% w* ^4 [at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
6 Y0 e) F0 |5 f' t( |. f$ s) z) `the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
0 T% I" L% V, V0 j3 |; l5 Ctesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
1 e1 z- V8 @& [The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
1 a8 \# D# {9 L  o! Zoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no/ O0 i% [! q8 E% K+ s
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.& l, M; ~; v- K5 c
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
& L; t& Q/ F$ S7 Obilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion* ?) v) a% h" Q0 L1 z
of papilledema.
) g6 W6 Z! K5 \1 b+ z7 m) qLaboratory Evaluation
# @& P2 A/ a# |% }- [( `* VThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by6 W6 a9 \( Q) H1 D) Q. u
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-( u* O& p  k4 ^, g4 ?3 k4 w$ V( J
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal" ?3 k* A( K# G1 ]8 h
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test/ `( g) H  V- e! _/ I
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
6 F* [4 N& b8 [: e- j3 A0 |lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).6 f3 Z# N# K) Q9 A5 a( R, o
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
9 D( B9 d9 ^6 P8 Qurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
; P+ b( N3 S, C! ^/ fwithin normal range for his age. The concentration) ^! m7 u/ d0 g$ S& R* v
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL" w9 P( p# h! e
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20, B+ u" `: ^6 A) J' s8 Q6 c# {
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-/ ]; ]2 s- p# g; ]" d; s# L
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
& A5 `. z- l* R; r1 Adesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to) B7 _) M; f/ H  t# T7 Y) v
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)* l% s8 d' T, t. A# W# `9 R
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
+ y$ M/ y2 `9 |1 k- B9 Stisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total* P5 t" y/ g0 ~, ~$ o4 Y% V3 c
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),7 W2 d/ r0 P' ]5 E
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than0 [  W0 f1 I% ~0 G! y; Z* r
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular' W; {  R# o5 w/ `5 I
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
2 y5 H( a7 v7 q% }( V* vconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
, C/ K* o+ ]6 ~(prepubertal).
( ~7 I. d, t+ O7 X; CThe parents were notified about the laboratory
7 |0 B9 {, z7 b/ j, M1 wresults and were informed that all of the tests were
; z5 L1 ]. H9 }" j; u, Vnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
% O9 W, w+ N9 p, S+ P1 Z) Efollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
: q7 M; b3 D$ A, J7 Tobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-' ~0 V, \3 W4 ?3 y. w( J
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
, C) ?8 b2 H2 P- ]: F. M! v7 rPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
$ E4 t- I! ]1 B% H: o( Y( o  zchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained# s' ^( z2 H& F: Q0 c
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained! a- W/ r% {- e. a% m
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-9 v4 r9 ]% ~* Q0 H8 x
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
6 P' s5 F: o( W! N' wthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2  ?7 e0 j6 D: w( [) w
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.7 {+ f! O. U: c" A8 [
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-1 Q9 Z% E; @  o# d
ing frequent erections.
) V! O0 Z$ ^. rBoth parents were again questioned about use of
$ G! v) j  f" |9 a$ Nany ointment/creams that they may have applied to5 Z2 K- S0 Z" ~' C
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the1 W, G) M- i+ z, P
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5410 [1 a) h* {/ x0 N5 o; F& R2 c) {
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-( K, Z8 q/ U6 H4 _# W& m; j
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for% |& K: r0 b# y; ^3 ]7 r
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
8 H6 V5 y4 O4 Jto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
- d- c6 S% U% E' o9 S. D' n# M5 i" Zscribed by his family physician for decreased libido6 ?% l0 Q. T- H, f0 p" W# L
secondary to depression.
& _" o* q' s$ ]! a. B8 J4 fThe child slept in the same bed with parents.4 l, ^, D1 c* c3 n4 D! O
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
1 M  n5 X( L# ?: c% Q6 z' H* fchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
  i* y4 }3 M: }$ Qnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
+ Q! y, v9 ~7 k/ s( N0 uThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
3 D- Z; k+ R7 Z& P+ awhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby# ]3 ]% ~: Q- h9 u
was high, he then read the product information
% X: E% U) B9 B5 W5 T9 ]1 Kpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
( C# E% l6 @$ u& _: s3 O2 eson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
, s- Q- j) ^: m* Qdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the* k3 |& [4 c; G4 }5 F3 X; q0 Q
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had. h# ^4 u. j. g5 L# S5 U
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
! y  m8 K6 e  @" btest was ordered, but the family did not go to the1 y! o& ?" J! \5 n& V
laboratory to obtain the test.& B& l7 z0 p, i) {! V+ A7 F
Discussion
, p  U4 t' J- j3 _) lPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary% f3 w6 |3 ~' \* M7 L
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4  \$ f+ R1 M% a, U  H
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when$ R4 y7 V! j5 T
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-  A: l9 t' S! C" g( y
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-: N" R1 X" ?  S" T/ h8 w
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP) M; T& M. b& T3 q
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
% f7 v, G: ?5 l; g, n) Eresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-5 @6 E8 x  J% }  p2 s! z- [
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
6 \" d$ T9 ]3 C& w4 }7 j2 csis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in. p+ n$ Q: y3 o
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-: _% s' L) Z9 y
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
$ s+ P3 ?% ~) I6 c# ?rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
( o, ~6 h+ q1 R% Qgonadotropins.1,3# A3 B5 V6 U; ~$ G) k+ h% b- z8 j1 d
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
# T0 N, {! ~6 t; T7 ycious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate/ u2 s/ H- G, f! b
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
6 K+ Z$ c; D' dexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-/ J; ?3 |3 r& s7 T2 `8 x
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing, e+ F. r) b0 s" N8 M: o
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive: T# {: o/ K2 r: R1 L6 N( E' Q
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
0 ?5 \: E( ?% ^! W" Rpuberty in boys.3,46 `  f  A. ]* {. c7 X
The most common form of congenital adrenal6 u( r5 Q6 s' A3 S* F, i
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
: x# Z* j; Y, S* f. v: u$ sThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in0 h, e. j( y9 I5 X2 ^; u
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
$ |4 a7 z" R/ r/ r. yan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
: t# h/ l/ a3 `; g2 _; u6 Kexcess.1,3
  k& O  t  ~( u3 j2 zat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
8 {4 ^; ?/ e; y* z542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20075 ]; ?: c9 ^0 X
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
# Y2 o  c1 |) a8 f7 z0 ?independent precocious puberty, which is also known
! o4 @1 M1 ^" ~6 J" }2 cas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
4 i0 T3 w: L) i* W! overy young age. The physical findings in these boys
9 T) `" l! r  Dwith this disorder are full pubertal development,: N, |8 b* V2 ]1 U/ H5 l
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
! l; I5 S) j! x2 X. gwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder0 {* w' H3 d0 }( y
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show6 ]4 i+ E1 S5 K% I" f
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
6 V# v8 t' a+ ?/ h5 kreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
$ q0 s+ z% r; F" e8 K; y7 Q' ?! z: Iautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
( T* S& j0 c( t% s3 hmales; therefore, other male members of the family
# P5 t! O+ r8 d) Q1 fmay have similar precocious puberty.31 q" Z$ G  J3 q4 i! I3 g
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
7 P! l9 y$ d( z6 C. L0 Y  Isistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
1 N  @- F1 f) X3 y! Scles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
6 z1 W+ s: x* o: U8 }0 Jwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
( |0 c: K( x( i+ E" Kstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,6 A) Q* L1 i$ f% @5 o$ ?
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the  u1 d$ B4 L7 K$ ]" z5 a) v- \
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
. l& G5 [1 x9 y' x5 G9 qative initial history of androgen exposure, our
0 \/ h5 L9 G8 o- A9 [7 y) j, [biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,, M0 T" m6 X3 B- s
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
) d) c% c7 K" B7 y& S! l2 q0 ~$ }deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-, V% u- N# b3 I9 J
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.4 x% F$ R1 t+ u0 M7 @. ^, X
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly- j0 v4 N) c: \- X( r
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because, A9 f) e- \2 x# ?, X# p1 ~
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-1 A7 }, _* \+ }% }/ k
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and: J6 p/ G# h+ R, X+ v$ u. d
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-6 }. v( n4 }* ?( E# |
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
9 u8 M3 j7 s# S9 U! n& b! \3 ^# Jusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’' Y- g( e. V5 V! F
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
  q& V1 U0 e2 t9 E7 |9 Lcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to1 u2 r3 Q  x9 i) t  D' H
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
+ F2 U/ r/ g- j7 J4 QSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
' {( T1 R+ a$ {% nbaseline value in those females who were exposed to% ]- ?9 E4 J& Z5 [8 p/ W
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
1 @- G5 i) V) l( B0 t4 Opartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
0 ^# {3 V# g( f* Ution site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.( L, x3 y0 B2 C: z( n( X  t% j
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,* W( n  Q# u& q, _
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
7 T3 B' y- c* i. j5 v( Idermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
8 R  b( N$ A& a8 p* F4 `terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more) g& k1 o$ t6 O( q+ ~: W! z
active in young children exposed to testosterone
* S% h  U* ?& E; ^% T! Lexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
* [; e9 Z: U! c0 W* x0 y" G! ]drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to7 ]1 ~$ W5 b0 Y1 |, A
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in7 G; k- Z' l: T% B, ]& u' P) E
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
! _2 z; v* V! V. \8 N; H( Jadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
, x5 t& q. Q' [7 M. C  e; Y4 DThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
5 K3 m) t/ q2 v" |/ T" t9 {early childhood on pubertal development and final0 g9 j- {2 _' B. w+ S% v4 c
adult height are not fully known and always remain
) s0 S# j# n1 ~2 {) Ba concern. Children treated with short-term testos-# c. w0 J+ S7 _& v* L# `, o+ l
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some8 i  ?0 ?" B7 r4 c$ L0 y8 ~& O
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after5 `% W/ a3 e3 t
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation, ]0 H% D! z1 s3 l( G( I( }# o
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
3 `. g, F2 N& U2 w+ M$ o( vThere are conflicting reports and controversy; n" R- v5 j) I& q+ k0 T
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult: y$ O5 C2 w* K
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
( R  Q( V: X5 o, V( N1 Wadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-  R5 w9 t! W! H6 U7 L# t; n
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
2 H5 F0 l. M6 S2 B$ ]Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between3 R# ~7 Z1 I; E% c
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult$ i5 f* f  K* l4 |1 J8 x% e  g
penile length in clinical studies.
1 T# g& {( T5 R2 D" pNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
. I5 F( N/ w7 x) ^1 m6 X3 wgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from) S* r1 X( ]" W, }8 h  L) P6 ?( G
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because  [. ~5 g( r5 ?' ~& r" _. E
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
" }1 \, w% V) a" cAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of. g* F% y+ {* P, f2 L
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at0 s# P5 H3 G$ S5 c
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
5 H5 D# e; d. R: j& e+ bheight will not be affected.
, x% W  m1 e% f, O# eAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-- c9 Y$ @! C* Z+ F( z# f
ability of androgen products in our society may
+ t: G$ j# q; `' H9 U+ E8 Findeed cause more virilization in male or female4 h% s; w: d& a7 ?0 u; e
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
5 `/ ]" F2 x, O, f5 Z: `! Agen products must be considered and specific ques-6 i; w2 V) E/ N8 ~
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
/ T) e; l' g, Z. C, J! r$ Tgel should be asked of the family members during
# f" T  J% ^8 G+ Kthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-' _: f; y2 a: E+ _. e: I/ R
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-- b9 c* O% G. i! U3 B+ ]& O. E& j
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by: r1 r1 O4 j5 x% T9 ]+ ~
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a  n% a* X) S8 S# y
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
7 |7 n9 ]5 J; B: N% z, K5 Aresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive. H/ K  c5 H3 L* j0 Z7 C2 R$ l$ {4 q
investigation. The primary care physician should be
; r& W1 }3 \7 p$ G6 I& O. maware of this fact, because most of these children$ o6 B4 j, }( J& }5 h3 Q. k* N
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
6 |& O# C8 U3 dDesk Reference and package insert should also put a3 v& ^, i, s& Y, W4 T9 r; m/ H) D
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or+ ?$ f; B: L( F: ^/ ~; a1 J! o% f" @
female child who might come in contact with some-% |1 h! |' `1 Q% f
one using any of these products.
6 ]( p, X8 }0 o7 X/ p: b" LReferences: i8 n6 ~2 c. P- g+ r8 p. a
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
- G. K; p" W8 s8 B1 wand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric% O* J6 X( w: R1 s  \/ _
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;' O! E: o" E! p% n. {4 R
2002: 565-628.
, @! o/ B# N1 H1 g- E) Q2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
% _( q8 f' E9 g1 apuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-4 03:27:02 | 顯示全部樓層
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old" i4 C7 @/ u7 W9 d8 k
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
4 Q0 @; |! }' |% P* SExposure to Testosterone
1 O! p) s( K6 A8 D6 Y8 o$ F* TSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2/ B1 m1 f" R2 w! d# l
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
; d9 z, Z6 ^* ?5 L& T2 t+ cClinical Pediatrics
$ |- F# e2 {! a* q+ W% N% x; fVolume 46 Number 6. w5 v5 n# h. i: a5 h  Z
July 2007 540-543% {& _* m% Y$ X" U4 @
© 2007 Sage Publications
) V# Y5 o$ z! ]4 g; Q10.1177/00099228062966516 }. U* @& [  ]6 V' E% U
http://clp.sagepub.com
2 h  ^$ \" o: @% phosted at$ J& M) s2 E4 [6 Q" A4 A. N$ \
http://online.sagepub.com8 D" U7 D' B' n! k1 s
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,8 i% K. L; h( @! L3 N% i
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
8 f+ m- I: Z8 K: L9 N* \precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
0 G. h( h5 P0 U+ I) Q/ ^1 Fthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
2 I7 |' ]  w- `6 ha higher incidence of organic central nervous system8 R4 o7 U: B5 @% q
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
! C3 J1 N% [2 c& ]/ X1 Fby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic/ @9 W. R' R/ }! }3 o
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-+ m) d  z$ D4 s/ ?: X1 ~  K
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We$ w- y( x" _- d' P) f
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
8 B* C1 Z& ?+ V5 `enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
' z, z& z; Q. m7 R  Q9 W  dment without testicular enlargement, which was due
9 l( {  b5 p9 \! q1 zto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
6 e" ^  H/ {6 o+ Y6 Gthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
, ]! _9 t6 I  z" X# pmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
% |5 b. }6 T6 ?) z6 z& @3 J" mchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
6 k4 C2 I2 N" {- q. B3 ~$ htestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
5 J- q4 W- B- d( ubly more common than the rare case report in the8 H9 ^7 Y, ^1 |
literature.4
/ t0 t# B! }8 r( B# k! t( nPatient Report( u3 S' k( Y, l" q3 F  A$ Z
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
0 v2 K# ?) M+ p; S$ ^, f' Uendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
0 H  T" |! y4 q3 kof early sexual development. His mother noticed! |4 d1 t% }* |* y+ a
light colored pubic hair development when he was2 m/ K. `+ F- p7 t" R  H
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
% j8 e" F, b# u( K$ N) SSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
- P* j" S6 H& `* t0 Q. JAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
7 h* L: ]' a, TProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
. Q/ ]# H. ~" v9 ~Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
( U, k1 a. G+ }# K+ ue-mail: [email protected].1 X& G& A( u: n9 R; u, o5 u- F# c
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
) P+ s, n( n7 y( _: @darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-7 K; j. c+ G$ a3 z) n" L. U; Z
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child7 n- G5 M  x/ e' c  `, X' I4 }
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
8 _: s$ T# e# ]0 h# @9 h4 }# M* aa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of, F* `% B9 m* y+ @0 j% q
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
5 Q% _4 L* E6 {of life and was still receiving breast milk along with  m6 I. I8 \+ a9 _+ i
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,4 T3 Q. |3 }, ?: U
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
' l8 C  p& n$ i6 ywas age appropriate.
% @8 x) S  J& _% b$ L  iThe family history was remarkable for the father,
4 r1 S% j% w9 J# Zwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,+ F5 C' i% ?+ `0 x% X6 Y& w
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
8 v- B4 F" t4 @3 z" @% Xheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat7 D% p# q: R; u
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
2 Q$ B/ s/ q1 M. a% {$ z. kThe father denied taking any other medication. The# p) \! q( O2 h8 P
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche( p- V7 G& `: X9 J8 V4 l
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
! E; G) S5 L, `4 ~5 _  m5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-3 c( J" h) |, s3 a  W- N
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
/ R9 k7 k! K' {  k$ }tives. There were no siblings.' U# t) T! }( I) x' s% z$ _% ~1 U
Physical Examination3 ^/ }1 Q' \6 D
The physical examination revealed a very active,: ^+ F0 }6 p* b7 ?3 K
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
1 N3 Q6 s) s9 q: za blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
+ ^' ]9 U2 R4 r3 D4 A90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg+ s& W4 c4 S9 k/ L  b, N& Q
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth3 W# z' N5 t7 c2 {7 n0 b3 ^
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
6 D9 U2 l1 R, s* Nthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
- D" }. O4 K$ H4 f9 E1 c2 l* MThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for( {1 E9 v) e( A5 s2 W0 }+ t
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of* a; k- V1 v7 Z2 N0 J+ Z2 R. D
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
+ p) K0 D$ S9 Z5 e0 T3 A# Ddeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
- e% |; P+ a! @& P, n% }% Z1 a5404 ~' N  F8 T4 S/ G8 h8 z: Y/ l8 U- c
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from6 V/ @/ Q/ \+ s5 C
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The2 F' N2 m1 H" G) h. o1 a
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
  v  l: [3 a1 D( D. |2 [The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat* N8 W' P  d" {: q" q+ x5 v5 P
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no, B1 ]/ f' P' N& Z' a8 v
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.% ]- r- c% y6 h# Z/ a9 i; V
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
! r0 x3 o! a( \' Y# cbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
* n" D* M6 v% J, s9 e' D6 qof papilledema., ^2 ]! V! B$ b8 b% w
Laboratory Evaluation; ]. u+ w' r) P) k: p% d
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
- h, I& i0 B# l# q) o! Z5 lusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
0 J5 G$ ]$ r' N! c" y, Ologic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal) M: s- q: M8 [) h3 y4 {% H5 M
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test9 g4 k" V( q$ F
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
/ i6 q4 [, l0 ylating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
4 L5 Z9 [% ^, U. n# BThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood0 _0 X' A9 @- J" K* U1 p
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
7 x$ j( |  g( J0 k3 Lwithin normal range for his age. The concentration. b9 l1 ^' Z) g
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
% m  u8 e- ^8 `/ t" s(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20+ R7 z% W' [) B8 s
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-) P( n# E: c8 V. p" L# K5 [
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
* G/ C6 }( h9 V  rdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to7 ]2 y. K, x0 ]0 O7 n+ Y  G  H
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
$ k8 U/ P/ B, {7 kwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
6 B7 }1 A% b9 B% e) ^tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
& h) z& H! u* ]- ltestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
/ H2 c, ^5 q  n  W% a* xand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
% m9 |0 T6 z, C5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular9 @. d" a# l4 ?- c( l
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
2 Q6 U5 k% C# J4 w5 e, rconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
7 z3 c0 q! R8 [& ]. W" p$ m! G; U(prepubertal).
3 E& z+ d4 V5 F: Z4 rThe parents were notified about the laboratory
9 R0 ~& q1 C: z4 [( ~7 a2 eresults and were informed that all of the tests were1 k; N* @. u" h6 K
normal except the testosterone level was high. The# R6 o& _! E1 C# I
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
9 V1 E6 ]  c& r  u$ Lobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
9 M" ^' s5 f" l! [% S3 eever, the family did not return for 4 months.# W4 e* r/ M' K" K. I
Physical examination at this time revealed that the- S9 t2 u( p2 ?$ e' G
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
( v# s- M2 ~% E9 M2 F! Q# o2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
# `4 f4 |! Y3 k: q4 h% U3 gunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
% _/ \8 v7 W0 M& F. s3 ~pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at2 z! o, h8 }2 M* q
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
! {- ^! H6 M# W6 gmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
8 \, M7 q* }/ c  cThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
6 o. r! a- ?& b0 b1 n$ @' h6 c7 King frequent erections.
, H  n7 M5 a  N5 \Both parents were again questioned about use of2 p: {/ H5 \+ P; ?) c: c, B; Z
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to$ d, n: C7 {7 W- D  b5 C$ F, b4 O6 j
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
1 ~/ V* R) \6 C7 o- g8 X9 A7 QTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
( F. S/ u& m* }, u) \use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
4 g- `) G" C$ U. fing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for' v0 u+ _) y( m6 H9 ^5 g+ q5 |
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
% ?: j5 b- K5 ]7 _3 P& X/ F& Cto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
' |) ]+ I/ l+ e; \- ^; a8 O, |5 Ascribed by his family physician for decreased libido
. [/ L" R$ }* U, e6 Ssecondary to depression.
/ ^  A2 I" f7 j: X) c( UThe child slept in the same bed with parents.+ n4 g2 s  g* a& \0 S* a
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his( V2 F: C% C/ `# w0 k- f
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
. ]# B6 N  ^( g0 N; P6 O& L1 e) z' Ynificant bare skin contact between baby and father.2 X" |7 u) m; l0 L
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
  w, Q! A) O+ nwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
  Y( g! N% W  h1 s+ I2 x& t5 |: {was high, he then read the product information
+ [% @3 }) Q5 {5 T+ ?& p, C$ o7 lpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-0 R* H, j" S1 g! n
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they( Z" X- n5 H' O4 p
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
+ ~  B, b" L0 p4 c8 S# C! E3 wfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had1 O, l' ~  X- \7 ~( e; J6 w6 H! C
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone3 n* V* h& t3 K3 Q+ h  U) D9 L
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the* R7 Z2 \7 E5 p& M7 J4 |
laboratory to obtain the test.( J: D- P; @: e& B  L/ ]& a
Discussion4 c- ^3 P( x# Q( \  K) ?3 j
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary1 T- {; L8 \0 }% |& a! C
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
% f/ w2 R- J$ ^0 D! Z% U1 YPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
- `# q, S) c% R& D) }) Fit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
: k2 i" |. X; f$ tthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-% Y; D2 l7 U3 j0 C
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
5 V- {. z4 Q" }+ {7 Amay have a central nervous system lesion that is
' {% e5 G& O2 O- U" Hresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-) x, ~# _; S6 y
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-: o. f1 P5 d. O1 x2 f8 v- G
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in7 |- }' `8 ~' O" j6 R- m& {) L
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
! T  D3 j/ i& [ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-% \0 n5 k; e/ Z5 J
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by* B: v5 N' A" J6 p5 M: l2 O  M
gonadotropins.1,38 I. k5 O, R, l( q3 P5 v; ~
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-' ^/ u4 G0 I8 ?- k" l1 c
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
0 ~) w# @* j2 p7 N" U) Vandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
$ @, @# z6 z; V0 oexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
) w9 M4 J0 O, g* U9 Iulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
! a8 I) e( L) G& Q' Scongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive2 [. G+ o5 Z" w; e7 B% ]9 |! v
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
+ I3 q4 T( h5 K- Q7 c$ ?puberty in boys.3,47 X" c7 p- O6 n: a
The most common form of congenital adrenal& W7 r) t) ^" _0 g
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
' O7 s) q# g* e5 E% j: qThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in* V6 B& C1 F6 k: L
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
* R3 q8 ^* }  F0 j. U9 l- D# Yan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen  B' D# R( y5 D( `8 C
excess.1,3
* v2 U/ E: [+ P7 y& j' C: Uat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
3 |5 c+ {1 [+ S" k2 E542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
" k5 D& V( W( t6 X  p  D7 b; CA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
. Q6 }$ ~- `0 s9 S1 c0 a+ iindependent precocious puberty, which is also known0 H4 m& t2 f/ ?3 a6 f: P# }1 H
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a0 A5 B5 k" ?/ d0 c* [
very young age. The physical findings in these boys3 |* I7 A+ F5 a6 ?$ l4 X
with this disorder are full pubertal development,8 M% g* y! ]/ b$ B
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
5 U' Z7 F. Z0 ]! K* a" @with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder: F$ W: a4 T3 l) y
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show' K* k" J! Y& S
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-7 w; h+ A# _0 q$ R
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
) q0 T( l, t* N4 `5 H! kautosomal dominant disorder that affects only0 P# q/ R  q1 X$ M2 {& e- k
males; therefore, other male members of the family
/ V9 a+ Y# z; z: M( }( ?2 o* B5 Cmay have similar precocious puberty.3  j% t4 u6 b9 q4 ]4 Q
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
' B3 v" Q! \( h' F6 gsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-# E1 O- ]* j& t, m( N& t, Z3 J
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
; X, H" U5 @& r# q4 ^, Cwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
/ C$ x" R: n4 P3 _7 u% ]started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,2 h1 D3 v+ D) p- b2 ]
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
2 u' R, N" G' ]' z+ `. @beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-  D0 A5 o6 D# e1 }
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
+ c4 C! Y1 x, R5 Z: p, F% hbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,, a1 P+ l& U# ~) t3 n, v$ t
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase: W# p: f6 W; \% ?
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-+ Q5 Y% x4 a! O3 H( ]! B) x6 l
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
- `/ ]$ Z$ l2 `, E+ d# N  I- gThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly: V. {- |* v9 i9 }5 m+ T: E
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
" y9 c, |& ]- {the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
' I# d( P) s8 ^! c1 a7 Wpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and3 q8 \% i; \. U. e: e9 N: W0 X2 `
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-  K* ?7 o- T, e9 P
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was. m) n5 p8 t$ r
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
4 Z# V" Z: L2 B% DDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or3 t) r/ _' S+ U) Y3 C
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
# u0 c  ~% w* L( p3 uunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
/ G5 s  V. ?: U4 P& ]8 cSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
9 z' V& k, |5 xbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
# ^1 m* j/ A; Q9 Q( V, p" v1 Heven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
* u, r7 U, c2 @( Z2 Q" ?% E; \partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
6 ]6 E4 @" ?$ a5 Ftion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
! w. V$ r5 A+ G3 t, [  W; Y1 mOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
  R( \1 u: p6 R# A5 C9 Wwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that+ w; o# Q& T2 d) Q0 G7 u
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
" L+ _5 M2 k& T2 v! ^& aterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
" {5 v3 N  n9 g5 O. ?  F# Bactive in young children exposed to testosterone. ~. w9 |. V6 C0 r- i' ^) `
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-4 g. w( O! T+ p* n; t" C2 m
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to$ A3 Y' ^2 c) |# |1 Z' b
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
/ |/ k" `- Y1 w5 Gchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and: l# _  J( m% y+ {# L0 W
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
; _5 r% j) p2 ~. P0 N/ W/ WThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during1 p/ o' J8 p) I! K
early childhood on pubertal development and final+ I& u4 Y  E7 `
adult height are not fully known and always remain
2 m; f& G+ A3 f  ^/ L5 ta concern. Children treated with short-term testos-/ ~  @% Q  B" L% k. b: o$ f  v9 b
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some3 b' |: N8 H3 b" D0 x9 _& T
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after" v. Y4 B1 _* }  C' U) M3 Z' f8 t
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
7 v3 ?) E$ J$ _: ddecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
8 r* r" m4 I3 IThere are conflicting reports and controversy
# j$ o1 e! G3 @/ P% [) iover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
4 w) G2 L% X* z, f$ A3 }9 vpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal9 \# n- z3 P6 A0 q8 N
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
$ `+ ?, N& Z7 J1 Y6 |! m( m$ ^ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
; P) p" [7 S( G% w1 G$ f2 [' WSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between  R8 ~! @9 w! C, n3 _
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult3 y# z: Z/ |7 _2 g$ j
penile length in clinical studies.) o  z, T) C! h  W% Q* B
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is. S& Q- A, Y% {0 k5 S3 g, C
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
  h% H& j7 l  N1 \" p7 `  otestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
- c2 ?; N/ a$ B0 H4 K% @, d  \. Vthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
- P& G1 l% L3 OAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
* U# ~7 C) M3 L3 {$ `( B4 t' i) V8 kdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at8 t1 D  X' H/ \7 a; [
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
! X$ r' M$ Z/ @' i2 Cheight will not be affected.
- b0 y9 T, _$ Y$ ]) A5 {4 A1 b7 fAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-; m" |% V4 `$ T5 a' R8 D+ n1 E
ability of androgen products in our society may
# Z! v9 ?2 T) gindeed cause more virilization in male or female
  ^* |- X0 O; Z# u$ F& o8 \' V5 Jchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
4 N( U7 ~3 M% J  Q+ P1 c- e3 Tgen products must be considered and specific ques-
9 C( N( G! c" _6 A( itioning about the use of a testosterone product or
0 ~5 W/ G/ L8 R( g% w# fgel should be asked of the family members during
+ |$ `1 S( Y; m" dthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
# a. E- x8 Y; l% N) ?/ D4 h  q6 p" hilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
" e) Q5 ], S1 U4 t/ Z- ^nosis can be established by just a few tests and by9 Z* D0 v8 u/ T; ^) E( j
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
! Y/ u- f1 m+ u/ G1 shistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may# o: H: m4 P$ ?
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
6 x* P2 ]2 F% h. D6 ]: m3 hinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
7 A, a. l2 O; z6 y. p% w; W3 k6 eaware of this fact, because most of these children$ P7 ?/ q8 L, R
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’9 |% W5 M0 e4 d  a+ H% J9 S6 o
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a% v+ V) l4 z% G/ S, l4 Y/ s
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
  g6 R2 l8 d# M' ~! Gfemale child who might come in contact with some-
6 V/ F% {9 v6 ?/ k: S7 ^; Tone using any of these products.! b) f/ Y5 A- ~* U
References
% f* I1 m3 j# v+ N: m; N/ x1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
9 Q" N, m6 z. Y1 x6 hand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
' E; j7 N+ {7 |3 |Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
: W. N( `# q: ?/ l/ W, f2002: 565-628.
  J2 X! p* M( t2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious# t" Y9 H* L% g# K
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
. C" _7 x" @% E# q' K! H5 ^4 p9 M$ z$ \& N
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-11 12:31:56 | 顯示全部樓層
么好吧v进化过程就回国参加发uft成就和;哦i回来就好v科技股份兄弟人的 路由公开vu个v库每年b
發表於 2025-4-8 11:10:25 | 顯示全部樓層
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
您需要登錄後才可以回帖 登錄 | 立即注册

本版積分規則


快速回復 返回頂部 返回列表