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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
" q* s. ~5 P3 g* }8 M8 n1 HBoy Induced by Indirect Topical6 P: E. c. b* g' Z  l
Exposure to Testosterone
. k5 n4 i( c% n4 `7 E( F- A$ HSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,23 o! o5 O" W8 y3 N, C
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1! Z: [  s1 b/ m) j  z+ f( \( o  P
Clinical Pediatrics9 ^$ a' a4 K* C& _
Volume 46 Number 6  M+ L$ o) i) V  X3 v) W
July 2007 540-543
# i& E' e# h" f© 2007 Sage Publications' }1 A( Z7 u" R0 K$ x( W
10.1177/00099228062966511 P6 G0 }5 e" |! w  ]0 E# ~
http://clp.sagepub.com1 O4 D) v1 r; |
hosted at" v/ d+ S' J. X1 V5 f  l. U
http://online.sagepub.com  T  w) q( }, T' s
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
  n2 P1 q; n% L, \is a significant concern for physicians. Central" h' E6 p5 W" R% Q" G$ ^& ?. v
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated% l6 U1 X, U5 S# |# {) R# @7 P
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has4 T2 ~( V- j$ ?! t; e( O
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
; _/ `0 ?1 ~0 D' _lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
$ J1 x  b4 X  l2 v. Pby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
: Q7 ]) }1 [# x# Ihair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-" y4 c& o1 ^0 C& Y
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
9 w8 V% ?- Y9 x3 g( z) [3 z- P8 creport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
( `) a) B7 j6 Ienlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-# ^+ y: V+ L& X+ P6 n' C! V
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
, ]4 |/ m, Y8 T1 p* Q' ]4 p* yto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
# I. u' ^( u, dthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
! P1 M8 q. X  Y- P: i" L) t* cmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this* k: J" H0 U0 `* e/ o$ ~6 Y
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
) h" P% B/ X; T8 wtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-( ~! `) p- ~; q2 r% H: M  W& s" S4 M
bly more common than the rare case report in the, l' J' B( \) u* B9 j+ ?
literature.4
. |! g2 P" o+ E- x# B3 Y+ pPatient Report
& [. y7 b& m+ Y! A$ W" lA 16-month-old white child was referred to the! K: \7 f: Y; S% I: R
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern. m1 |: Y( h/ ~$ B% [9 c
of early sexual development. His mother noticed7 m( u9 W9 a# |6 K5 ^
light colored pubic hair development when he was) P- k9 v! D; w3 _% n* I* L2 p  u
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
! a+ I7 b  p* A2 V' [6 FSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.  m& m/ _% v* Q$ ]* u, i* U
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
  {( ]8 c. S: r9 S/ n4 rProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
1 \6 ~! [$ S& {% u8 w! U( OMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
- W. z* {6 E; g, Ke-mail: [email protected].
; Q  t( o3 }3 O5 o3 Rabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became) C9 E2 j8 }) N$ w" A
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-5 u' y& p1 ~- M, `8 T# {: ^* ?
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
7 `9 }8 ^; c; \7 m: b7 j8 _# i+ ?was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with" o* Q' P, m* [9 G. P" _* m; N
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
6 N" j- \, M% O20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
/ b: `8 a' u8 X( Y5 z4 _2 Vof life and was still receiving breast milk along with7 T1 b7 F8 y2 Y3 i3 U
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
* I4 M' l4 m3 r5 W( xand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
: ?( Q0 D* b+ y' owas age appropriate.- q; h8 ^: ^/ o5 @3 x7 h
The family history was remarkable for the father,
" T  A+ L' Y0 V% j, owho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,5 V  T6 O( K9 q- D; J( f  ?
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
' Y" ]+ R3 e2 F3 c) E( ^height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
( S4 Z/ O# X& Q0 e  searly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.9 s: F1 x9 E. t: w+ C; f  q
The father denied taking any other medication. The
1 i+ w6 i! J) U& bchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche: M7 b* L) A4 d+ F+ |+ ~/ K" k8 \/ _
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
: i1 V+ P  c. K- |# h8 n3 A) d+ c5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-, X9 M5 \1 p' p( a
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
9 v1 R* Z/ r. j* B. p! B9 M5 ^tives. There were no siblings.
. o% ]8 w" Q% ^; R) O& |Physical Examination$ K  J. U, d- \
The physical examination revealed a very active,
- h" d" |, X( X" }/ e# o5 @playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented) g: r+ [/ ^+ Y' a
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was0 P" n4 `( O7 `
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg* D/ O: ^; Y8 _1 @
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth% z7 @/ J% i) U
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of- G7 a  b' R1 n. L. O* O: r+ V
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
  T& r. O' w8 g  V6 x2 `3 b. dThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for& D  k& N8 d/ j1 C9 r
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
8 x7 u) N3 ?1 Q9 i8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well, [' w) _' f$ y  C% {9 M; E
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around* P. |0 n" x  P$ Y9 I/ F
540  I$ l% h" D, W4 r! u; A
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
! W" W7 i$ }2 f6 c8 A5 }1 @1 uthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
" Z# }' U# R2 x* h# g+ h7 etesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.5 ^/ Y. g1 S$ w* s  n2 J, h; g
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
% L# q! V3 W6 B+ R- Qoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no, ]3 e6 n, D: A: Y9 x
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
: E2 O9 f# g$ V" ENeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+# i' |, L3 X; g6 K9 |( [7 f6 ?
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion4 g$ Z, I. V! j1 z' t# O
of papilledema.+ C& l$ y2 t5 D, }; b6 P3 b7 b9 Q0 s
Laboratory Evaluation
) @$ b1 u" E0 m9 |. U/ s( L0 RThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by6 Q' a& B( A- G$ K
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
1 }1 f4 `( g9 T, ?% Z! Xlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal- i9 y" r* S2 q- h) ]- M4 h
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test" B9 i) h$ X, x. m, c. ?% }
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-" [, _$ l! r* o- k
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).2 f$ a9 Z& @1 w) i
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood, B4 W1 y9 |) U% K# e: w- ^( y- O
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were0 S$ g/ C5 ^% u0 @2 D$ R
within normal range for his age. The concentration; h0 @! I5 ?5 E
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL# u- G6 {0 D2 ]. g2 y- R
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20* i2 {0 Z: {; B! A' f2 a
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-/ B! ^1 \9 f# t' u5 ?- {$ k" h0 B
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),+ U2 x& D1 n1 |) q
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
" h2 O! K* N) R/ j* T6 m" U0 W49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)8 R1 i  J# T3 r0 h% X. K3 P
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
/ l' h( L& o8 g2 R/ T3 }) ]0 n7 ptisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total5 A. \+ T' e) v- K  j9 H  o) v
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
% c* `6 i4 T# ?4 ~4 a( x" Oand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than3 d' i, @/ z3 j; z8 d% K5 z/ l- w
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
, ^0 }4 a+ W& [% {0 t" K% K& }' K* Vstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
( v1 M) X/ j! M4 Sconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL" Q7 L1 b4 B8 a* a7 h
(prepubertal).( l5 C. {! s% `6 s
The parents were notified about the laboratory+ m1 m/ N- ~1 @2 I9 [6 o7 u- ?
results and were informed that all of the tests were) E. K  B* [' E5 T7 O! e% G
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
1 T3 @* Z$ M9 t2 f6 Ifollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
6 C+ n5 @% X* P2 @obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
/ b+ f: o! J1 u6 Y/ V9 T% t6 x. V( dever, the family did not return for 4 months.
! |; Y. A  p9 n9 o" u( ]* i0 l& hPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
1 Y! Z3 F) e! n% H. }+ x) O, ichild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
7 f2 l; q1 [; c* F! B5 d7 H2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained0 M5 E) N; W  }1 Q3 [0 @, C1 a
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
( u5 N4 K" H- h: s% R" E) Hpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at1 |% a6 P+ g! l% K2 T8 h+ P4 c
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
7 i9 e3 ~6 J7 J! y, M$ UmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.- Z7 t2 q- c$ j. q
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-  p' b: g/ Z5 K1 z) Q$ }
ing frequent erections.
5 R0 y3 E4 `" {/ ~+ L: F& r6 yBoth parents were again questioned about use of+ b7 N2 m* j+ Z
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to, a$ h: X  `5 Q0 \8 `
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
, c+ R/ d# T) x* F* GTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541. {# {$ Q- q9 C2 A& }+ ^
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-: |6 N0 Z9 i4 K( V
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for, L* N9 H+ J4 R+ E4 A* Q7 y
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed8 u7 t  ]: N+ {' ?9 @1 \  U
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-! f% d& N  x( [" q7 q6 Y' I
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
2 d) i. u5 |' `# Q8 X, L) B9 y5 L. s  Hsecondary to depression.
5 v5 E7 ~! u, W+ s& ~5 lThe child slept in the same bed with parents.7 h; I/ p8 K3 r) F
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his' I. w+ b* ]# M
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
% w, h6 W( [; [$ J+ \% snificant bare skin contact between baby and father.: R* @; B* \7 ]; O
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
: v# U% o! u  H* g0 S7 ]- Cwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby( V: f5 O- j& G, s
was high, he then read the product information) M, Q/ e' V" g# E3 \  N- d
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-2 K5 N+ V+ r7 y) _. f; z
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they" p5 W3 O6 G" r2 P  `
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the& X/ C. Y! ^# K3 E/ Q$ ?
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
6 L" C. L# m% q5 E0 ]: n- Fbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
+ B) X% ]! U% d) l/ Q% @, ytest was ordered, but the family did not go to the' Q7 m' A* L: G& M+ V5 L8 p
laboratory to obtain the test.
" {4 G. X2 t% \& vDiscussion7 l6 ^" u% ]* F: O7 g
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
; L* z; W8 h) k/ e( psexual development before 9 years of age.1,4+ J$ a/ C  ^$ x! Q2 W  M+ G7 W7 K
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when3 }. H# A; K: q1 ]0 a
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
# z# d9 {, j+ U" C+ }: Ythalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
: ]0 X7 I# q/ R' }8 {mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP5 e" I% O8 P" V7 O% G0 y
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
: W1 z4 f) d, {& presponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
/ X% C5 D* l/ Q5 A5 o/ zamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
) M0 W# f- x; t2 }3 V' bsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
6 o3 ?8 R! w* k; Z6 D9 Uboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
5 N$ {) A) t2 j5 Cization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-) ^. E# N, u( i( a
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by9 U6 v1 Z( \$ d1 s/ T, W' D
gonadotropins.1,3
) G7 u4 b. D0 C. d, ?2 fGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-% h+ D; f* p% K3 D+ O
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate# k6 Z* k7 B5 Z3 _4 `5 w
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
8 Y7 c4 ]" q, D( Nexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
0 i# ?. i8 Y) E# {; aulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
# ~* O: L* l2 X' R  I! I4 jcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive3 C; c3 C8 l! h; @  \: Z) Z
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
9 N" B3 ~) |( z1 ]3 Ypuberty in boys.3,4( f. f5 I$ f6 k. H+ B4 t9 \
The most common form of congenital adrenal
3 ^: L4 W) i7 p" a5 [7 Z. U. Ghyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
- V8 ?. q" u+ A+ PThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in. L5 V' d, _3 ]9 X8 e( j
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,0 j, c! d; w( y6 m: N
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
1 E, I3 j+ @/ g- Q! ^excess.1,3
, Z- J/ Z6 X  U( F- u  Pat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
/ B" i* m& [* `0 P2 e( R3 S542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20078 R, f# x3 j6 N2 S9 q
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-) X$ F: n+ p( a% \/ A" L5 K( `
independent precocious puberty, which is also known; k. I' V: W! }8 Y5 q
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
2 m2 i" I9 e, F. I. Overy young age. The physical findings in these boys
3 F& W* A/ f# Z* U$ Kwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
' ^6 [* w  t3 a3 n. P+ sincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys" H  W3 Q( G( x. a1 p. v: v
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
: |9 T( k0 P) W$ Z6 fare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show* o# t( i3 K, Q; X2 w: D: G. f
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-- O7 F$ _* R- W2 W
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked% N2 \' u9 t& W- Z
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only! O9 J( W6 J8 c  I0 U  J5 U  b; ]
males; therefore, other male members of the family. \! ^' o$ g' X5 l6 T' O
may have similar precocious puberty.34 l2 I/ q! @; s
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
! b8 E' E& F" U* w) Fsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-5 E6 J% ]4 U. t. K7 y% N
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
# B! `1 k/ s: X  j2 s  `0 bwas in the differential diagnosis because his father1 l0 P2 c3 I' R& j; j+ ~
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,0 `4 Z0 R+ o' e
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the8 x- }$ e, d( e/ Y
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-# ~9 |+ u2 K8 c) Y
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our( [( w7 y/ x# u1 N' h" ~( H  k
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,+ }5 ]0 d8 Y( {2 Z9 T
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase4 |! `" Q: ]& F+ T/ ^, y' U7 f
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
9 N" c: X  ^4 S( Sing the normal level of adrenal steroids.( @5 S% |6 V0 e3 D
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
4 v3 s/ o3 O( G9 Xsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
0 o! a# j( l( F' sthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
5 j8 y) F, O6 ~: E, gpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and+ B+ r0 h3 I: h5 O
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
6 |  _  d7 e, p% v/ j' ]terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was2 U/ J* {# d" L- o
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
+ Q' q& g. q' L+ `Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
0 r2 R$ q' |( X  B2 k2 V; U  Ycream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
1 E9 T+ i9 E1 V5 k; ^" zunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
2 t4 z4 e* F' }; ^& t5 S; R7 zSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the* ]/ L" H5 R6 ^+ e& a4 v
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
2 B* S7 F- v' R# j0 Qeven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
" O% _5 B" Y; @9 |+ ]partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-9 I. K* H" y0 x- f( ^: A5 v
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
7 ?/ K9 l# p  C1 t6 ]1 @( L, c3 WOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,/ X. t5 z# N; M# ]- b  A8 K+ l4 U
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
; O1 K3 B2 z) k" G/ D" M) bdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-/ ]) n" _, v% t# l  r$ Y
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
* e; V) k' W8 A. G  Sactive in young children exposed to testosterone
' u: n6 d) d; B1 o, ?exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
& ~2 M. E% ]( [3 f6 K: f: [drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to  Q# j+ D& I/ d
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in) ]0 Y! B2 b$ {" |7 Q
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
- y0 ~% d% U+ d% Iadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
9 K$ z2 \' E! }: r& Z( Y& {$ wThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
+ J) ~$ M% ]) v' p0 S: nearly childhood on pubertal development and final
2 J3 L# ^+ A4 O( H% t5 K7 Tadult height are not fully known and always remain& I/ u0 T6 v7 `- t% Q  d
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-+ e2 C+ m& Q# ~7 K+ w* s1 L
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some2 @  q& W0 y  [$ L. F# r8 T
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after- P$ M. \1 |( l* k
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation" ]* O) k* Z2 o$ T1 w# q
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
, M; Z- F. U3 rThere are conflicting reports and controversy8 D: \* Z; ?# t$ R
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
+ M. m$ ]% a8 F5 Fpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal2 H+ [5 D; Y+ h( ?
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-+ \2 a% A! W' I% Z
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
  o0 Z4 @% H0 i) aSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
8 f7 t  Q# ^& b  @7 d4 nchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult- ]! l: h2 y1 v! f
penile length in clinical studies.
) x4 j" k0 w  \Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
) k; `8 k/ ~% e2 V' r; Q2 Wgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
7 b! R5 r1 H9 Y% C& J0 ^4 [0 @testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
0 l8 R; G' F, [. F. d. {the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.1 Q% c! l2 H' _, [" m
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
4 \9 v% Q/ q8 _" j1 C2 C6 mdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
4 a/ d! ~" e1 Kthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult3 p) [3 k) m: e6 m! v+ K( S
height will not be affected.
. W+ B6 ?8 q5 z6 I0 p' eAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
7 I6 a0 k0 A& L& i3 P# ?6 gability of androgen products in our society may
. g$ }; V6 Z$ _; [indeed cause more virilization in male or female6 |' l7 h6 e: z* g( B# v
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
% d9 @% K8 S$ M0 L/ ^gen products must be considered and specific ques-; C8 T% J4 z% J" B
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
% l, c6 r/ C& C5 l- ]3 g. Pgel should be asked of the family members during
2 g* O- ^% K& S/ p- k) s1 Ithe evaluation of any children who present with vir-8 b- l% C3 ^4 v+ b6 _% u2 z7 V
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
% V( z; h8 P2 L, [9 @7 L$ {+ cnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
0 @/ X0 f; V% {7 u+ Oappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
- }" B% Q' U( `/ ]5 _history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may# s( E6 I/ d. s1 ~9 d, o
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
: H7 w5 R% p# g) i2 X0 O6 _investigation. The primary care physician should be
, ^9 a5 ?) X0 Saware of this fact, because most of these children
" ^) ?; E$ O) m( r5 J4 h/ ymay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’3 y. K9 {: E8 z/ B" A
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a& m9 j9 l8 @( X8 S/ H9 b0 _, |
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or4 G. i: \( H2 C* u' v* w7 ]2 ]2 `
female child who might come in contact with some-. Z  e: X/ p9 w! p
one using any of these products.
; E' r- [# B* }5 p: ]0 M4 F# gReferences
% s6 y- }' c9 k- _! ~+ Y1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation! |& t& p  A% n- m; F: r6 v
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric3 K; O5 {! ^" K2 _8 Y3 I" n; ]" T
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;) V1 W0 R8 V. C1 Q" g1 l
2002: 565-628.
) Z) r* W  _1 D# z/ u% c9 q2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
$ |" m. S( o8 a1 y3 Dpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-4 03:27:02 | 顯示全部樓層
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old& V$ K" K1 K' `9 M9 q- P9 d7 O$ I
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
# o8 c/ a4 E, lExposure to Testosterone; o) p" h/ y! J# H" ^
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2) W' W3 e# W2 p6 r5 Y. C
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD18 v5 I6 o& e) B7 H8 }4 G
Clinical Pediatrics
( V! q& i$ g2 W& {5 ?! _Volume 46 Number 6
$ |( k$ x9 I/ m/ z: \+ l' jJuly 2007 540-543; g+ c4 X: M  u! e( y
© 2007 Sage Publications7 X$ f' g9 N* F( `4 E" d
10.1177/00099228062966510 E& v* S( P* h0 ^  q
http://clp.sagepub.com/ [7 t/ a( ?) I3 [6 s3 f- ~
hosted at
% J& u1 M3 a6 T' I8 P/ g6 bhttp://online.sagepub.com
8 J+ ?; a: ]  j8 ^3 mPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
* \& p; T% P# \6 ]( {6 I: {is a significant concern for physicians. Central
  ]2 K2 u- u0 H: t& {  N% V, Sprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated3 G5 u+ E  |3 ?/ R6 O9 i2 F
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
% @$ O: W# S/ Q& ea higher incidence of organic central nervous system
, \" @! o4 E: M, w+ zlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
% v+ Q; ]3 M  i0 A1 M1 T3 u, w( wby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic: j1 i& O, C' `
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-' h" C8 K- `, @4 u5 c
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
+ S$ |$ |' n. f: \$ M& n8 X7 d8 treport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the( ~( `- V$ h7 a3 l1 }. v& Y
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-6 k" B7 ~$ N2 |' S, n
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due* n, u2 W0 C5 Q
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
1 O- |! X6 N7 Z% ]% b$ Ithe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
0 }+ ]  @. i4 o+ @' @# v' d! Emation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this  i& B! g# n! r- C
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of  {) i. [* ?5 a
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
9 e/ H$ J; K4 n4 m' o( h6 S! Ubly more common than the rare case report in the  ]' Y, ]2 Q4 h1 G5 s. b! p
literature.4" j1 k: f  y) y, s& }" w
Patient Report% Z+ s8 x  F2 f+ q% p" g9 k
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the4 F- O& T4 t. `1 I
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
, ?0 F- v/ G7 m" H, {2 L; D+ Dof early sexual development. His mother noticed" h; K+ {( W* d' k6 f* D
light colored pubic hair development when he was
! o# m; ?9 o1 }- M0 lFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of3 P0 ?# I2 Z+ P/ Y! u
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
- l/ O+ a. L. f' L; |Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,% \6 I1 @. D: U) |
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of7 f- @  k, ], s( i4 j) \2 b
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;" L9 C5 g* t$ Y5 F
e-mail: [email protected].5 b" j* \" U- }* P. }
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became7 r  B7 D/ [" {2 v/ e$ _
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
4 o( R! S; c' P  y6 G, O5 w* c+ ^ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
! `' H1 O' Z( e0 {0 r7 pwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
  y6 l# G9 B# V: C! j( Xa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
5 f" o8 b" b- |( c# v; J20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
( K6 w; o/ q  ]7 K, {8 l/ _! Kof life and was still receiving breast milk along with6 x& k" i. h2 }# s7 J
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,* N7 ^! D6 Y) q+ x2 A' g9 s
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
! [$ m8 J) s" d5 q$ dwas age appropriate., ]) l$ R. E7 x1 U+ G
The family history was remarkable for the father,
$ ^$ p/ x4 ]8 N6 m! C9 gwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,4 v7 w' U- [5 N' X
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
1 w3 n: h/ E2 s' [2 zheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat! T$ Y2 n5 E0 h( M5 c& P6 U
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.3 N8 l" o6 T2 e7 x/ j% w
The father denied taking any other medication. The. z" S: y3 ^; g  f
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche  f/ o- s) U, z) a7 @
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet& I( B# t1 S. E+ ]  |2 _9 j
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-& V* x0 p7 z9 h$ Z' N' [- ~) K
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
, o, A0 W3 j. d  r8 }5 a+ r% G# @2 ~tives. There were no siblings.. X- ]; H. q6 m) A' ~
Physical Examination8 [" K3 h* Q- R
The physical examination revealed a very active,7 g0 Z- e6 ~' V; ?; x6 `( k
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
; G9 n& d0 W$ u; za blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
8 r& E: b) {: }  y* U# ^% T8 m2 d90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
$ Z" n, p: m& ^1 H(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth  E) Y) G0 k' D( R  V$ [! k( i+ \
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of" S: N0 I: s; s* r, g" S
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
/ _6 I# q4 l, A9 p$ l3 [The genitourinary examination was remarkable for1 [: L& }7 R8 A$ J6 {6 Z( y) V3 `1 X
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of4 _0 t8 s2 ^8 X+ X; t1 A( v
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well! j$ k2 `5 L, r) M0 x
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
' `. V  A$ H" Z! [; g7 p540
7 T0 [% M7 A0 _# N4 Fat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from0 I, P& q" }) m1 T6 k; x  u5 ?
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The; o4 t  {1 u9 K7 J1 ~
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.. m$ z' {/ M3 \2 S; N
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
' x/ q& T4 v% U; u3 T0 H% A2 _9 noily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no# b$ m( k7 p1 ]: j% P: P3 l
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
% \- m. O, p  a8 xNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2++ ?4 ?. N8 P& u7 M
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
% {; \8 Z/ R( D, s2 c: \of papilledema.7 }, S1 `8 H9 \6 R  X1 g& i. L7 W3 [
Laboratory Evaluation
3 Z& M% l; x6 A% A+ T2 NThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
2 H' ^# z9 P2 B  ?( n4 L( ~using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
, f  T% M) G( a; s- mlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
/ M) W) f' x3 zkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
7 O# p3 R3 c) {showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-  B; c8 W. g* ^' s
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
$ c4 {* N' `' JThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood/ U6 n9 Z/ V) w- j
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
; d" E2 p3 o' Pwithin normal range for his age. The concentration/ P# y" i0 X( N7 H5 @
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL( Y2 [+ ~: I2 J
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20# K, A3 q- T1 g' e* b# |' ]
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-# L- E, E- Z1 p8 B% C# t3 e
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
7 i6 E6 [  S& ?$ u# e3 ?desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to6 H7 [* K& e- Q5 U5 E
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)+ w. R4 [  C# _) p" ]
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-* z+ y6 ]1 i9 w5 L3 C/ r, p" Y
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
6 v5 v: o; ]6 `. Z9 R8 ctestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
" [/ K! h8 O: I. E: h& A9 q5 Oand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
  Y+ W* f9 q/ o) P' Y& E% X5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular8 F, G/ Q* J$ z, z
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
8 o2 c+ |0 D& p9 M/ u/ `% cconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
, T# t2 N# d. j- c3 M9 f(prepubertal).+ U. o" d( @3 E! |
The parents were notified about the laboratory
$ G3 L* i. p0 l8 t- p+ Eresults and were informed that all of the tests were: Q, |4 s" _0 @5 Z
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
) v( f% P/ ?1 z6 Dfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
- V! Y; `7 @* Nobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-6 y, `5 b; z4 A  U) W' R% O4 L2 ~
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
5 I  o. K) Q5 o" @7 LPhysical examination at this time revealed that the  L# f3 A& `, D. |( o9 T) t! f
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
% m3 z) H! D6 u! d+ L: b5 b& h5 }2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained% L6 t) k8 \2 t# S/ k& L8 z
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-& \: E8 k( ?7 y/ S% N2 ^8 ^
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
; r$ Z6 q+ p. L5 l1 ^; Pthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2' o. @) ~. C8 Q3 l
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.; U( ^" ^# U; ^& v
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-) m! S3 Z  \" c8 q3 i
ing frequent erections.( y  w( W1 Z9 K6 ?4 q3 _- a. R* L
Both parents were again questioned about use of) S3 u( @. K" I! |* q4 g# O4 e
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to0 _/ S; b# {: R
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the- O7 Y3 K7 {) e4 n" g6 L
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
* {$ r8 [  {5 f2 s! j" Nuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
7 W0 p, u( i0 p2 Ting over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for8 @7 T6 u$ n  q) }" T- ]5 r, Q  i
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed+ F+ `; |3 H. W( D, M; q
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
+ j) @/ b! y. i+ {scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
+ s' V- t0 l7 B% ^( ksecondary to depression.
2 _( o5 L7 ^  q; ?3 F& vThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
) X: c# F+ Y0 ~# `2 KThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
' V6 l6 i% a' Pchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-0 v& E4 F% `4 E
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.* \# l$ {& [0 p) X
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
+ z8 B! ^2 r3 Cwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
( X+ {' a' ^- I; v" uwas high, he then read the product information
4 M9 P# B; s" w+ T$ Wpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
8 b+ X) x, D- k- X, F& uson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they6 d6 x9 i9 ~/ ]( V  ]
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the: l- j& i' ?) b. K, p5 t
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had: B5 V6 w2 W6 `& ?2 U: w$ d
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone4 y3 H( G" O; k0 q% v" W
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the& C+ [" c# @8 |" e. d9 _
laboratory to obtain the test.
0 R4 h- L3 t! |Discussion9 i- @6 o7 ~2 g" R9 Q
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
) I' a6 ?5 P& ]; G" ~( osexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
5 M/ p% j+ p: D! \8 {' x. IPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
5 A0 W3 m8 Y% m; t% N( _' J$ W4 Vit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-, w: O$ ^* F: @$ C( J+ a
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-9 F, [# j. y! T; h5 c4 m/ [& e
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
3 v4 m0 l# l; `" P" pmay have a central nervous system lesion that is$ W* i0 o  y+ z2 X6 M2 e
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
6 n, m3 z) ~& t+ N2 Z( B' [: Q; [" D' Tamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-( B" d9 `9 @5 j
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in9 I" q1 V. I7 g
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-- F( H2 {0 [" y* M8 H; s
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
* R& E' O; K* _/ a( ~6 ]5 q6 d$ Frical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
( R9 _4 S8 Y4 X) ?gonadotropins.1,30 N& r* r! B- o. T$ m) e+ |
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
9 X- U6 {+ g! p7 M. O- ~8 E  Bcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate! Z* K8 ?. E$ b! b) \4 G
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
& d& Y" q6 }/ U0 j( }9 B4 V* Qexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-! o- `" N5 s$ O3 q: c
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
! ?, c. i6 G6 Lcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive) H  O" F& C# L& H% a! x6 [
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious/ P5 t# _- i% s6 O% N% E
puberty in boys.3,4+ w1 G( ^9 L# E! n4 n8 ~: M
The most common form of congenital adrenal
: `  n. q! ]/ B0 s" S: |! Uhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency./ z$ y& w1 A! p9 J- a, R( b
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in" b: `! u' o' _. e" q0 u
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,9 ^9 \& m/ T+ m8 P8 x  h
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen  @2 F$ @$ C' Y) _& ~3 D( L9 O
excess.1,3
/ {/ t; }; M% H* mat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
) c8 x) Q9 |+ [& u+ L& E542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007! O$ K6 M& V% I" h
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
! {* z1 W$ J2 c" z& xindependent precocious puberty, which is also known, N% y! R# ^9 R2 Y. g
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
6 {; a! \2 M' [+ m% }! H0 Qvery young age. The physical findings in these boys& ?" ]' S; p# \, X1 J) i
with this disorder are full pubertal development,' K3 O; L* s, I4 O" G' H/ D+ d
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
: Z2 U- b" p' _with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder5 Y6 o0 Z2 J7 U# P# A4 b
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
5 Z- |8 A7 }8 p& s9 |. Hpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-1 o: ]/ e4 Y  ]& s( {, A9 G
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked" N% N- T! E+ V0 G5 V6 e9 r7 S) H
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only$ I9 }8 Z$ t1 O" O$ R) h$ [
males; therefore, other male members of the family
, V6 a: @) L+ j  e3 a1 v5 R+ tmay have similar precocious puberty.3
( l& p( ^* U1 N! j* S! IIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
0 k# z9 T9 ]( T3 `' Q4 osistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
) x: c1 F' F; m8 T  C3 hcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis6 l9 F! h7 l" `* j0 C2 S( z0 X
was in the differential diagnosis because his father. d+ K7 V2 K# E- O% I
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
) m) ~& Z( Y  F. J" P4 ?8 Ktesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
7 Z) E: J! d7 P+ z% H# Ybeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
+ Q, P' l$ u( o# ]/ ^7 p6 q0 iative initial history of androgen exposure, our
- Q1 M3 O1 B6 M) Fbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,/ W9 @. @. d: _5 r7 C( P$ V
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase4 t- {+ \' H8 |& D8 F# ]
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
4 h# s- H8 l% s/ j+ y) M, d, ^0 h- hing the normal level of adrenal steroids.9 y; S9 {5 i- l; n$ {
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly/ e6 A6 y5 j! p* o$ p7 A
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because- v# \$ J2 i: ~& G! A& a* x
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-) v- Z$ C2 i$ @* h6 w! a
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
5 F( U4 w* y2 |( tdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-5 ^, z2 f: h2 M6 c. }
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was  Z" i/ }3 j0 D4 w9 N
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
( `+ ~$ }0 d9 W2 d9 oDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or) ~& b' E+ _) o$ R+ _% q
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
: z" j% z" H# |9 \unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
9 b6 ^/ x0 {% ZSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
; i0 E- Z+ C$ i' ~/ mbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
+ m$ y2 E1 r0 N' Ueven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male4 g! B! k$ t/ o7 F( ]/ d
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
2 N# U- q' u: R9 V) a) J/ dtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.' L$ i, M' a7 @% ~" O  [2 o. H8 T+ }
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
( s2 e% D! }0 G% }which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that9 z  K! ?: s& E! i4 a" W( Q
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
7 c& v. x: {/ u( c/ Fterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
' e$ M! o$ C: M5 Cactive in young children exposed to testosterone* M0 Q. H" X$ s1 P
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
! l; o8 D. }) M8 E$ N4 Ydrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to* w6 [# ]$ ~& e$ V& z" U
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
$ M3 M/ z$ C% e, L. N3 d9 s: `children results in an increase in growth velocity and
- ]) y6 k: s- J. G8 R+ qadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
0 a4 L; k2 k6 W- d5 h& sThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during3 Z) t2 O+ P$ }" G% V
early childhood on pubertal development and final
! T) I: t5 l  m$ Y- d( K( \adult height are not fully known and always remain: B: j) o4 q0 @$ A( e5 u: S0 D# i
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
0 s! _4 d8 {, I: \1 l1 U+ Jterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
4 ^& O: z  s" Y7 C4 q! Tacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after( k6 |1 d* f0 r1 Z5 b8 k
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
9 A% i6 u7 Q3 e, a1 k+ mdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
. `% [3 Q% r( N4 _There are conflicting reports and controversy0 o! X$ ~# F' Y8 H& w! `2 Q
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
( c! j- o( p' \- W' Fpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal& C- m, B  u! t8 M* v" O3 c8 R
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-% r, z, m  G" b/ @/ V, o/ s
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,& |. c9 I0 m  H& p. A3 U
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between7 C: X) q- u5 i9 @5 ?3 ~9 R
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult* p, r7 s( S$ d2 e( s" Z
penile length in clinical studies., U' |& c& {9 F! {2 C
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
2 g# v1 w1 V: Fgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
& J, h" u2 A; b0 V* S6 m! y4 R# Btestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because  x  x; H9 a% d! L) j2 H3 v
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.& J8 g5 ~3 C7 m( X* N3 _
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of. b: N  ]" X' C; N9 U0 U* Y! p
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at+ U& o  X& y! x7 U! d- Q* U) ^" |0 T
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
- N4 f5 o" B5 ]1 bheight will not be affected.
' i5 z8 s; `& ?) l7 u. xAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-* o+ p8 J# e3 L
ability of androgen products in our society may
# b, }. \; p  bindeed cause more virilization in male or female
1 }0 ~' P0 ]. t! J2 }8 Ychildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
7 ~0 \! P2 z/ f) a$ O* r& @) E7 ?gen products must be considered and specific ques-, w+ R" N1 E; G# P! c: d5 k
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or  F! K# @; y6 Q  T! I
gel should be asked of the family members during' Z+ {+ s- L0 G- w4 x8 ?
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-4 }! B* G/ M4 i2 t2 O
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-3 D' M5 L4 j9 l) D/ N; t" i
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by0 j- u8 e9 W$ i" v# r! z1 U
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a. p+ c" Y" u0 o- a! h2 u0 D
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may% Z1 ^. D. i2 r/ @
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
: p  w4 J$ {- J' Yinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
9 Z0 ?2 K- a: x/ M+ oaware of this fact, because most of these children
0 x6 X: D9 m5 U* P* i8 |) W$ v+ `may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’2 b$ T2 e6 d" u: O, \# ^: Q  c* n
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a: u* N2 f4 ]  A( A1 j( c: S
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
9 O( l7 Z' t- p* g* w( Yfemale child who might come in contact with some-, R3 N& q; ^2 {8 F1 K& p, }
one using any of these products." `% T7 r( Z' l) x
References  J$ z5 x0 g) n9 Q, m9 z7 v! O
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation; C% v6 U2 j: q7 j
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric  f6 j0 b' L2 T  R- g
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
& C/ R5 h5 P9 q# `6 b$ }5 u2002: 565-628.
; Q. F+ E) A* }7 D2 b2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious0 \8 e$ @6 j# j% T6 I, f
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
4个什么样的?
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* \6 a0 {# E( _# g: c" _8 R+ C
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
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么好吧v进化过程就回国参加发uft成就和;哦i回来就好v科技股份兄弟人的 路由公开vu个v库每年b
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精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
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