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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
- R8 C  D0 Q9 x& x3 UBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
, Y7 A; `3 D. ^( \6 f# F4 `Exposure to Testosterone, T7 F: C/ J% j( D5 T  V
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
" z4 Y' P5 g# g  D. V1 M. p1 qand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
6 R# I) J! s+ f4 {Clinical Pediatrics. E7 P2 {9 G- ~* ]1 t0 f0 \$ t
Volume 46 Number 6
- u& t' Z& f% d& b9 `6 ~July 2007 540-543
  j. [- b& `& @9 K7 H! O, N© 2007 Sage Publications
, j4 \7 T& R7 n" v* G/ W/ J8 j10.1177/0009922806296651$ u5 S6 u+ t3 a7 B0 M4 d. T" A8 M
http://clp.sagepub.com
" q0 _& C" F/ s, W" Jhosted at$ H7 i+ v6 E" P
http://online.sagepub.com
0 w8 M/ Q) c+ @0 OPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,) Z( ?) W+ x, E8 v& m
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
8 k; y  G; F, W% s$ U$ nprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated5 }. p+ @3 W2 n; F9 G
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has# r& \9 u, D; @' v/ ^
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system: B0 }' e# H8 R# u+ y! L
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
4 g# Y5 D! A, bby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic* j$ R% _/ Q3 }; S# ~9 x$ I. o  y
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
- h" Q9 y, G: N6 y% \2 y- Mcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We  T/ v$ u' J5 T1 O
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the: J( |/ k. T5 ?% z. d& D) _% |' l
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-% J6 C/ y& }6 }) n/ {% N3 n
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
* ~# u. `8 W! b; g& F3 `to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
# v+ p% D+ u: K5 u8 Hthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
) z; D! x# W  X( v$ M( wmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this. v2 N; ~( ^0 R) f5 Y6 D) P* R
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of0 z5 B$ j, z/ u0 ?2 h- W# c) \/ F
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
) B+ g% O' Y6 J% @& z: Fbly more common than the rare case report in the
6 V; r+ W. r9 q( Pliterature.4
% H; z0 u, |0 G# w" ~5 w& `  k: IPatient Report
; \, v9 B6 G( L; Y% RA 16-month-old white child was referred to the3 z8 K3 I- h) W( Z
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern+ T% x  A8 t8 n! r
of early sexual development. His mother noticed+ s& p/ @2 @9 d6 W' u( l) U& @
light colored pubic hair development when he was0 d1 ?. _$ o5 D% u. n% F! x
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of. w; T- q, M& e( U( S4 ^* Z
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
: z. z+ u' x! w" MAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
# v( ^: \% M  l# \Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
/ o" u; R3 g0 K7 aMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
+ B5 d; R7 v4 i9 ~9 Te-mail: [email protected].- c8 n& c3 z7 g8 I% y
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
: W" L( Q5 x0 y# Gdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-3 c: Y" f& z4 `$ i/ K
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
+ S; a4 j5 \2 A3 b' W; b+ W6 d- Bwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
- |5 ]8 {  M5 R! n! a! T2 La birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
' y6 ^" {# u( M9 a: O5 n; r20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year( {; Q( g( M3 O: M' x
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
- I4 w. W. f0 o# j3 Psolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
. z! i% }) B; V& ?* wand his psychosocial and psychomotor development, P" Q# Q3 T8 l$ U" X9 f
was age appropriate.
+ l, I1 i* w5 l1 d1 w% V/ ^The family history was remarkable for the father,
9 p0 w1 y6 s* n7 xwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,: h3 H' n5 Z$ u- r3 p! I" m! J5 \
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
; N" E' G& y1 w4 X5 o7 |3 i0 Cheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
1 u* v: m* N" N+ K' W1 z5 o% Tearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
+ d& a% \0 i4 \" e; e( a5 xThe father denied taking any other medication. The$ h+ y( {1 Z5 l
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
1 u% Z; }* _: I2 lwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet3 f; {: e- z3 R1 |6 E) Y) z
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
1 o* A8 }3 y, G* [cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
3 ?1 I$ i, F3 s' f! Ctives. There were no siblings.
" L  |; y* |5 sPhysical Examination+ e. z, Y! }* e. g7 B
The physical examination revealed a very active,
' S1 }! k6 X% ^  Z7 w* }) Oplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented  r9 y3 s; Y1 s4 p* m
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was2 c) n* m5 Q4 {6 i
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg6 ?) \# s& Q+ T- H2 u/ f6 ^' ]
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth9 u: H" Q, i* A! M8 [( N6 f
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of  M' ~/ c$ d. |$ w& |. G- X/ p
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.4 I& c$ ?1 v& H3 [; o5 q) ~4 f
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
: R: D" E  P& j. Venlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
, ~! a/ H: K# z5 m" ~6 ^8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
& ]8 X. [. a4 r* F  ~" |, p( ]developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around7 l  j, {# D! z. w1 Z# V5 O& N/ y6 o
540
5 d$ l+ k) ^9 v# y4 Uat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from, O  }$ Q0 O/ k2 N8 Q6 c, J
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
/ W2 v+ f0 Y4 A$ m3 O- ptesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.1 d' W. B  m; h' c" f9 ?
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
" K$ J" h. _" U/ ]oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no3 L% X6 q( u- ^+ w
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.3 G2 `; c" T/ K  O& f
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
- V+ n4 P% R' H4 V7 rbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion5 i; W  C( O: G) s' V
of papilledema.) T0 D: [/ [% w+ @# v# u5 Q
Laboratory Evaluation
+ P9 M- [  p& K  \6 o. U0 D) dThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
0 _' U/ Y) f; @4 ~# }; s4 wusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
* `% W$ _2 s: C7 n% I2 @$ [1 elogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal' E4 }- ^) ~1 t6 B2 I2 I
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test9 o1 r+ s8 K; _' ]# S$ C2 V$ k* `
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
6 w  U4 @# V% Slating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).* J  m- d0 Y( u) e  o
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood4 F% |0 x) I3 F4 r, M+ [* H
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
' u, G) a8 s7 Y; L3 N4 y; nwithin normal range for his age. The concentration" J- O% m4 P6 r  x
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL9 T/ s9 v* f" F4 R) H9 t2 R8 [- ^
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20. z/ i; Y: n9 |
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
( R. ~6 U$ i5 Eterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),* K/ R1 h! z5 y6 m3 ?
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
4 i  t2 X! p; j/ m8 z  k0 I/ ?49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)4 |; k: T9 ]2 @+ i
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
  v% L1 x: K- o0 \( i1 ?tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
  B  s0 T, a( p$ g  \1 [testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
# Y' ~7 ~# Z" t) x  Jand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
( U6 M4 j, ~/ N7 |5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
2 |3 p/ T7 s3 K! h( estimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
' ]/ F: K. Y8 i; ~8 ]1 @' S: K( Mconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
' R; F$ Y5 d& ^! L(prepubertal).
  V6 @: \* e8 J/ eThe parents were notified about the laboratory% A: {) `8 O# A* j8 U
results and were informed that all of the tests were' P# A0 M% o( |, m! j4 \! c, e5 N
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
9 D4 f/ b  {; g% P& nfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
& k1 ^. j3 j5 h3 n) W/ oobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
0 J, s8 M3 N: X( [ever, the family did not return for 4 months.3 C  r7 S$ _- C: J: S
Physical examination at this time revealed that the$ `% D( B6 o! U; D$ z- z* @' u
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained# ?2 s4 T/ j/ x& c- O  u+ O! v+ O
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
2 `( V3 L' O, V: M6 Aunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
6 Q2 t: Q7 E/ u" g# ^pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
/ A' h) M/ ]1 x5 @% Dthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 24 T* E9 e6 T" u% I9 Z# V* g' P
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
! o7 d- c, _2 Q/ u' m5 F9 M! [The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-9 h! P6 Y, \/ Y0 Z$ x" ^( T
ing frequent erections.1 z7 T2 K( X# T1 I. [$ W
Both parents were again questioned about use of% C4 Z* W) l% r- v/ h6 h* P! N
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
7 S9 g, [6 G) T, Y) g" Q- Ethe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
; y9 j. u1 ?% [Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
/ o5 c' `( z9 I/ r/ juse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
8 ^2 n7 K7 |3 |7 y8 ^ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for/ s1 h) O2 ^, r. z: S9 |' v
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed/ b- g+ d& c/ R* `
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
5 i1 s9 q9 c& c" D: ]4 t; ~$ J1 w0 |scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
: k$ u# U" O+ z$ F2 y0 I- @secondary to depression.
& Y1 n1 A, c& Y4 e) b4 E/ G. |The child slept in the same bed with parents.3 ]& L, u) W; Y) D9 q: K. l
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his# F6 [9 ~' l  p) P- l0 H, u
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
( g" T, G$ T' n8 h6 U" {' t& Y. Knificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
3 f5 ~* U0 O$ E% cThe father also admitted that after the phone call,+ }# H% S. L9 k2 }2 o# X, g9 K7 k
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby5 I5 _# g+ C+ P! c5 f# |
was high, he then read the product information& E4 \7 ^! E! W# M5 ~" ^9 b0 E
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
, ^  @1 f2 o" B- f/ Bson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
" K' R7 r  Q' G& M% |( Ddecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
7 D. j; i0 z8 A) d) Yfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
1 i$ ]0 u7 ~) Y) X+ `3 w7 h- ebeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone1 R) J. ?  Z8 g3 L, ~$ F
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the. I- h( i$ {/ p% \
laboratory to obtain the test.; v9 H. g4 I/ ]4 @' f! Z! H" A# D
Discussion- j: {, x* d7 ^; D" k# o
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary9 y: F$ D: I1 J/ I+ C6 d/ Z
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4: [3 ^# w3 b; M! b7 l6 \
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
9 z$ n- g+ e1 @5 v# M$ m1 ?it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
" b# q# }( C/ m+ C8 \thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
7 J1 n  t. F5 a1 ]$ Tmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
5 _* C/ N/ D. s( G+ L, T3 Gmay have a central nervous system lesion that is$ F: N" l& K& t1 n
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
8 _4 e2 h$ f& z& _) C+ d7 hamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
- p; r7 E6 ~: K' }- a, k7 e/ _$ C/ Dsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
: E" Z. v7 m* V$ e0 Bboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-) h; }: e% R- T% d7 A
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-3 Z) t% @/ t7 l
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
. p, Z6 T/ [) T3 s' S7 Sgonadotropins.1,3! }. Y0 N5 i8 C
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
' r, C' B  _/ U' x7 q. dcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate9 u" B# P7 o0 }$ W, T
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
. o. K6 m6 {6 d' Dexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
* g5 e. D2 P+ C7 B( M6 fulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing1 Q4 ^7 ]8 d5 H4 ^1 E; n  m
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive5 {3 j+ |2 x$ L( }
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious' M7 G9 A& i* G" X; y8 V
puberty in boys.3,43 W1 r  D& [$ Y# y4 {5 \( d( H
The most common form of congenital adrenal" x) c, `' A$ \! p0 s( b
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
  y) G( k+ ]( l' RThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in  |% r8 x" C: [* X! s/ ]' K6 `
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,/ Y& D4 ]# |+ s$ h* L3 d
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
1 x9 s7 K9 G  v8 V2 u+ ]excess.1,3
  I' k7 @; d) P6 h7 D: Iat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
. n& _% u5 E" k/ e% [542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20078 {9 f  @- o( q: g4 k
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
! k! H  u4 F9 d- D8 P4 U1 ?( t) x* Eindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
2 x: W9 p  I) `: a/ i" n9 Das testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
4 g3 h5 k( J' ?  g. [6 T; avery young age. The physical findings in these boys
1 n) c/ z; B0 U* Mwith this disorder are full pubertal development,5 @, c- {( g0 v$ [9 C" O7 D
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
& V" K* w3 a9 S8 x8 U4 ^with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder7 M2 T4 {% g, ^. o6 l5 h
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
/ Q" \$ \: U0 L: b% K- P: j5 ipubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-' e7 A3 L  ]/ O2 d6 c
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked' K3 ^  L0 W. A* Q* c
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
* V+ M0 n  ?* tmales; therefore, other male members of the family* m- I# d; v# L+ X2 `' n; t
may have similar precocious puberty.3
" a/ I- X8 N; x- ZIn our patient, physical examination was incon-) P9 L" S  ]& ~. `
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-7 }% i" c" A( x0 m) Z$ n
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis6 z: l& H( Y3 Q' k4 I! h4 P' L
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
2 I0 D  ]+ Z% ~- z* vstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,0 s. N# X4 j4 q
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
9 q" Q! j3 g% Obeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-8 Q3 I( R7 C! O" b! v, A5 X  D, u
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our% b5 V/ A% A+ z2 k/ d
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,4 I9 a5 [( ^. {/ g) s2 g: d
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
# m: {# R. E& }: T2 cdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
7 C3 S) K- j( u/ j' n, X7 Hing the normal level of adrenal steroids.$ u6 Y; l2 v5 A4 u8 K: D# l7 V. \
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly- r7 A: j. h  i! B: w
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because7 M; q7 c, w5 `* K7 i/ z
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
' C; n) d1 X/ P; N- y9 M; F% \; \pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
/ w/ `  q% W3 c, {  ?6 gdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
# G/ o* @- `' `/ D: k2 d: fterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was7 b: Z, T6 o) x3 }/ o
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’5 a0 ~5 J. C+ W5 V1 K( i
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or. V3 W: P9 n# A% q6 ]  X
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to5 x% ^4 P  r9 i: d0 _
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.7 E) ]$ [' \$ X# c; y% {8 G( s
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
* |" r  F: V& n! |+ bbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
, A* `/ u6 |) m4 L4 c1 geven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
; ]) D' c/ T" F& H1 U  Tpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-' ?- H% r3 `2 z* M7 i; a' z1 `& `
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.  F+ I$ Y4 j. ?/ P5 H+ d
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,  o% w. r0 t1 d' f0 f' j& `
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that( i/ w& ?1 j2 B) L( S/ Q5 c  B0 e
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
8 o; @/ D# n  i. y$ ^8 N; ?( Iterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more- B# R& _0 O% x3 I0 D8 ]% p9 F) U
active in young children exposed to testosterone
) Z8 X6 N  |1 o- Bexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-* G$ |% t5 G' U8 ~$ @3 A
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to3 G+ D- g+ K& U. a
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
3 a% v6 M1 |7 r* Ichildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
4 U0 Y, p) a" u( @6 O  r: Wadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
# w' p2 ?  U3 R1 yThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during+ d$ ?+ _* r# `& i- F* b$ T8 H
early childhood on pubertal development and final
* L4 Z7 W% w% g) {adult height are not fully known and always remain0 [7 n0 Y0 e: C# P& k7 c
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-3 r$ N3 s8 P4 p/ B  J: a+ ~
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
: M" h9 K  Q7 Y& A9 w7 `# u$ j6 S; Racceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after/ n/ [7 n/ x3 c) h+ t
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation- w$ o1 i& [- a& h7 t) H5 Q/ v- G
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
' u. u7 [1 g8 W& BThere are conflicting reports and controversy
/ _9 c' D) |+ L" ~4 R- J5 sover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult& H. w" M8 l% z; X: c
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal% X( u" m/ @" _  t
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
/ ~) H  P5 Z% L, m3 `$ f: t3 b  Sulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,- ]1 Q* b. n8 s+ G9 ~* |
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
. R% c7 }7 U( i& @) Q& O" cchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult/ `% V, {- f7 d% o( B: }
penile length in clinical studies.
5 x4 d7 e7 G1 ^0 XNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
5 f& z% Q9 g. Q! Ygoing to experience any of the untoward effects from: O" i) a( f6 \  h2 B- U- }
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because; P' {* Y; K' k# C
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
( E$ [( C+ G4 Q0 B( yAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of) M: G2 V; g! }- o( C
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
. l5 ^% A- {+ R. F! Y2 Rthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
! @0 W2 F7 U, v7 X) \height will not be affected.9 R* o+ z; Y. s( q
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
! \4 d, L1 S( Dability of androgen products in our society may+ j1 P4 Q% C, B: L: ~0 n$ Q1 \
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
* r# x* P2 }1 Z; J6 X+ E  |" ?children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
5 b4 Q8 c8 A$ ], u( ?; _; H& vgen products must be considered and specific ques-
$ K  `/ e" \8 g6 ]$ L6 o& S/ t( J1 Utioning about the use of a testosterone product or0 ~% r5 U9 s; x4 V1 j) k. V4 R; g% l
gel should be asked of the family members during
- z. X; v0 R. B$ x' a$ K3 c- Pthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-/ [  F  l: f. o
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
/ ^5 S5 \  T0 Ynosis can be established by just a few tests and by1 ~. r4 U/ ]7 e( k' I* M
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a9 Z4 I8 O3 x. N4 y) C
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may, e8 Q1 k: A$ M  F# c1 B+ ]5 a
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
2 w& v. N! _9 Ainvestigation. The primary care physician should be
5 T$ Y! a5 O) C9 T8 m; ^aware of this fact, because most of these children
! j- y& F( W7 M* m& g" Lmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’% ]9 S, Q7 N# R: }
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
  d6 L; f$ J% n# f7 Qwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or" b) k6 O! O" h# K9 R. j
female child who might come in contact with some-+ E* J; z3 o% j4 m
one using any of these products.
& u9 b) y0 o7 A* z, xReferences9 r: J8 @. X1 E' a. S, z. X
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation, i9 i, P0 d5 U9 l1 h8 E( o9 m
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric. u  P; N, G: }9 p# r& r3 N
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;" t, s. o# z6 A! S
2002: 565-628.* k5 w9 b& |! X5 `
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious* ^8 P% W, @  m" C/ r( L
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-4 03:27:02 | 顯示全部樓層
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old  i$ t2 l% }% R8 q- \- ~6 Z
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical: i. f9 W4 ~+ v# D
Exposure to Testosterone/ }8 |$ K1 @; Q6 F
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2, Z) p+ O; ]/ f  l2 d$ Q# C* U1 O
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD10 x1 V8 C6 v, w) p$ P" ^
Clinical Pediatrics
# P1 D0 ?0 P  Y/ {Volume 46 Number 6
7 \% K# M( K% Z, N& q# x& [- kJuly 2007 540-543
$ ?" e; w' Z1 I$ a: ~5 b© 2007 Sage Publications7 O3 U0 x8 R6 N- U! c# I
10.1177/00099228062966515 h* S$ N9 l4 s% G  j0 g: L
http://clp.sagepub.com; [1 \9 m5 X" |
hosted at, w2 f* \4 s- h3 D* V# w4 @' B
http://online.sagepub.com
1 U# A! l) r9 k  A9 XPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
5 l' {' H& S, q1 Lis a significant concern for physicians. Central1 N$ C% e3 `: ?% E0 V3 W
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated; i9 ?) ^: T' B- k. {* b
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
: I' ]* J( g  w# sa higher incidence of organic central nervous system
/ H( |$ {4 L9 J9 {: \lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
* i$ B# x1 c) e8 Wby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic5 l) h5 [1 t3 \% N
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-4 W" L4 r4 _8 P5 Q' u
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We/ ?' q8 h# P" D) A8 B
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the7 i6 v* \9 P) ^, N
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
* p8 c0 @* ^) j' m+ }$ Q! c. Z" Rment without testicular enlargement, which was due
) c' f. f, `# J& N: O( Cto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
* C/ ~8 W7 @: O* R( `+ cthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-8 t& ~; G% r7 Y6 m" t! ^0 t
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
' y4 M, j0 Z/ ?( E6 X+ Jchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
+ e# j9 ^& r# q. I: W/ j* Xtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
) N$ }- C0 H/ ~bly more common than the rare case report in the
8 C1 \) B2 p8 {6 gliterature.41 k" j% G) o* C7 D3 D
Patient Report/ z  A) b( ?) J! H" V2 t/ r
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
$ x0 G! D8 R* n  U+ [) vendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
3 B, \" D6 _. ^1 }- D! \1 ?of early sexual development. His mother noticed
& b4 q& n' D# Q2 F1 I! @' P: elight colored pubic hair development when he was9 N0 L8 g3 C1 [$ k4 A, [9 t) l8 L
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of! p, j& ?  q0 `( k8 o. Q
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
( t) W. S5 _+ p& YAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,: H% A" Y* T0 _* K
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
0 w# f) ^' f* pMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
& E1 k. T5 ]& R8 g, ve-mail: [email protected].& i. D" @, p0 O. i3 C; f( B3 t
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became1 ^; j9 h/ D' n$ U7 R1 T
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
8 C7 e/ r; T1 ]7 z+ C. ?ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child4 h# c4 y/ b. l% K4 J
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with6 M  I! b" T( i! V  a
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of0 ]& ^/ P: s  S* |6 V4 c8 E$ W
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year  T7 z7 u% ^$ c
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with, W' }% p0 e; }; V" P: T
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
6 N( @; C- x: o, K* L2 e- B6 ?0 zand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
3 Q8 ?8 i; e9 [. S+ _9 ^, n5 S3 ~was age appropriate.
# f1 x* x6 @6 }" \" pThe family history was remarkable for the father,# l- J7 [) Z2 E7 f0 \1 J
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
5 I6 l2 X! E% N4 o% Iwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
) _1 r2 ]$ |0 d  `: Oheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat* U3 v8 v5 W" {* e% ]
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
4 v2 M" r* ]0 Q- v  Z/ [The father denied taking any other medication. The
; ], Y5 K  P" n; D! \child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
8 N7 [: A* b% |was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet4 _9 D5 d/ m% B- M
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
$ r4 Y8 Y6 j1 J' icocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-+ V+ ]$ e4 M5 D
tives. There were no siblings.) g6 ]# ?/ Z4 }6 \
Physical Examination2 b2 @. f% c! n; X9 ?% ]0 B
The physical examination revealed a very active,
' u" }6 O5 f& W. |$ I6 C6 \playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented& c1 o7 k( z' r& M/ Z
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was8 E  L4 \5 J3 }9 d9 l4 _
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg7 f1 X& O6 L5 C1 E6 p- x3 P
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth" P" B* b4 v5 `/ t" D  K& O6 o
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
: s& E0 N2 J% E' z8 G0 Qthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
( }; i, ~6 b6 |The genitourinary examination was remarkable for8 j/ Q: s: `. p9 a
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of1 r# j7 A& g' }! m% {: R; w5 J
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
% P0 ?- {# x/ s. a1 E2 z5 Sdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
, B* u, F( D9 _2 H# I1 p8 |540
& W" @7 N: c2 ^5 `8 z; p8 u6 ~+ a1 @at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
3 O% K9 @. {& S8 O- B5 Lthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The8 _3 N* ]% p/ g7 R! \
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
# B! t5 u6 b# Q( [1 m5 sThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
+ f: _6 J; t) X( D! v) E) X! R" Joily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no5 H# C* ~9 M9 T( D3 r* Q6 g& `
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.7 z) u, E" U/ u4 J" ^" u; d
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+' b2 W  W" s/ _
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
+ t( u6 b- `, hof papilledema.
; ^1 m- c7 r+ z+ B" {3 cLaboratory Evaluation
3 h- Y" e7 `; a! S. M; G4 a# U- qThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
3 S- ], s/ @2 o. H9 J2 Tusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-5 ^0 R8 z: L) i1 v' V* k8 v9 ?
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
/ {4 q$ ]% ^5 A7 \3 z$ H* Ekaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
9 M% q0 Z! K$ M/ Yshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
6 @/ j  h4 L# C. B( J# x, Rlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
! q& J( {/ }" A+ ]- Y- Q6 HThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood. {7 o, R1 [/ F5 d+ E( ~
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
: H5 i( d1 l( Y( d; qwithin normal range for his age. The concentration& l4 B) ?% \% z3 V: g) U
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL+ s6 @* L0 _0 [# g% f8 L0 }# B
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20/ n% O& c) A' z5 w% R3 k, P
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
0 p2 T; c. |* T# W, ]terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),% ]8 a3 X  ^! }" U
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
2 ^$ f8 S: l4 ^- g5 X6 C* c+ a/ Z49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
% ?% l0 a& t, Y7 iwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
% x5 v3 ]0 Z- utisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total; u: G4 l: e- ]& G; R: \
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL)," a6 O% [& Q$ p: Z& x, o
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
8 c% `5 R1 v* e+ c5 i5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
( X) Q& T7 N" ^8 y" d6 M- M4 }5 gstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
5 g  Q5 @( [: \; G6 }; Lconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL" b2 o9 @' K- h/ e, Z
(prepubertal).# b' t8 D! L2 L6 z3 T
The parents were notified about the laboratory
7 g2 v0 N# `  {6 x( U' a% p; A* qresults and were informed that all of the tests were
5 j/ _5 b8 X6 w! Z5 |+ vnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
8 H5 w. h, i0 O2 r9 nfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to+ u* w% V1 {4 C) Y* d. B5 _
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
# I. Y  i* u0 K9 d9 {ever, the family did not return for 4 months.6 _6 u1 m# K9 s5 B9 C
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
* G5 {7 A6 A, r# uchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained$ _; V9 F, l1 G0 y* _( D# W
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
$ s% S5 r. ~/ e3 Cunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-( i* q) |( g) C' Z( K" ^# r6 ^  s5 A
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at1 v& n+ y  D* Y/ n% }6 b4 n! O
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 23 m# o* ?" p: ]( x# m
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged." m% {, [( `5 Y6 b, O
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
& k5 @3 B$ H& ]; X1 Ling frequent erections.1 o: F+ w3 r" d7 K; C$ ]* ~
Both parents were again questioned about use of
* f' p3 a5 I- e1 f1 Sany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
5 `4 ]% y  v, {# g* ]the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the6 f0 |1 s  x5 _/ `8 b& \- h
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
* }3 d( ~2 K4 O- g  Iuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
. l7 L' I5 i+ w; `+ k+ s9 l6 Ding over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
  e$ |- G& G- s  E$ E! ^7 `a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed* B, _4 v6 U; x0 I
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-; Y" w' p( J/ c" E7 ?7 N0 n8 P! R
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
8 f0 W1 k3 G; I. K- zsecondary to depression.8 K* s, A) M$ U% g2 ^
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
- h8 J: `! @: `2 Y* CThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
" I6 p' z9 U: u7 Q- }9 Q* U( v* r5 f/ Schest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-5 q8 A( y; l; P; T, r7 ~
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
7 e/ A: V& J1 D0 t/ ?The father also admitted that after the phone call,1 ^( R" e' r  e& A
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
8 \# b0 G( [7 _/ o- k2 Swas high, he then read the product information
& `% u- y5 ]  z9 Npacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-* s! E6 M8 d# ?9 r/ ^/ A6 F
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
9 n0 @" C' K. J: X) K& Fdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
; t9 S+ A" y) ?9 p9 I: q3 ~father was not hugging him with bare skin and had" ^( G% B+ V. a" q1 E& A9 w8 w
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone9 M2 N! ~$ O" M' C) d. w- ~
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
9 [# V7 t/ x' O/ Zlaboratory to obtain the test.  [  a2 S' K! D( m) `
Discussion5 r. \/ K3 X* J! e, T
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
8 |. s) r! \$ C( [sexual development before 9 years of age.1,48 A4 d  p+ \# R; |" y7 X
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
0 n4 c& Y3 Q) F# a9 g. wit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-2 p4 k! G3 q/ b/ e
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
1 @2 T, |: d; E% F, k8 j/ Y% dmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP4 |* X# g0 w$ ]6 x( w  m$ j
may have a central nervous system lesion that is( E! i* l) m. y4 b
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
  E  Z4 b; s0 Qamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-2 g4 k; U# R; q: d" S4 S# \
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in6 c+ w; r7 X( J: K
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-: t9 G8 ?5 g/ a; h2 \- @
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
. F9 X' C: d) u3 k/ K! v. Irical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
" d$ d. R: j( agonadotropins.1,3
: T- ?5 ^: y* H( p3 G6 |Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-) d( O# L( L9 n" }1 _, s. W8 }
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate" I# a8 B; ?. |" D& P/ Q7 T
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
6 R8 k7 Y% X% x/ \2 }; f. c( f: Iexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
6 D- o+ Z5 f9 r5 z: Kulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
/ X: O1 T& q; O8 F  [& kcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive# J  J- a2 l0 W" F+ n) k5 B% T
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious' t+ _" K1 z, L" W5 u
puberty in boys.3,47 B. S8 P7 Q7 O9 z) Z7 [) D/ L% [
The most common form of congenital adrenal* ?+ ?4 y" I3 ]7 A
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
0 f% r/ C# K, g* E) M2 HThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
, i+ D1 ]# E& P$ x1 X! \1 y* [excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,. x  A! N+ R8 Y" o) ?9 J2 ^
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen3 X4 a8 h5 Q8 s1 f
excess.1,3
) f5 f, M  G- gat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
4 _% N( y. z/ C1 t4 v542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
" e3 B. Y8 w1 G* ~$ p3 @* I1 hA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-, \5 V! D8 W5 y% G. L  C7 x" a% X
independent precocious puberty, which is also known6 v3 W; a: w3 n% B
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a8 v$ f; u  j/ _
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
8 m/ C" O; _. }% l6 c2 [with this disorder are full pubertal development,; m7 i9 Q  S8 Q. Q- p( h6 f
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys1 u" B7 {# \) K2 ~
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
: i! b4 q+ `$ w3 J) f+ o2 I% \are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
0 {8 w+ {, R: P0 P5 Epubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
) x% `0 C& v: b* breleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked' B0 N: }3 p$ Z7 o
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
+ D& s: a; ~# `: X$ b6 lmales; therefore, other male members of the family
+ N1 m4 s- L/ K! w: wmay have similar precocious puberty.3( R9 n! v1 N2 P7 J: G3 [7 z2 V; J
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
& d: l: P% e+ T% Bsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
3 S( ?8 n! w# l* X& [cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis1 L" ~9 o* W0 I2 A) e
was in the differential diagnosis because his father. @6 H" i' q4 Q1 E
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,8 r4 ?  c- ~5 u  b* {& q; Y
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
5 V$ V6 O' |0 g* Dbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
2 s8 F/ g& \  _: r4 U6 [ative initial history of androgen exposure, our% @4 }' }5 P& R7 x3 n) s6 C
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,, I& ^, E. |% F  p# w" u
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
8 G7 d  s0 ^& }# s* ?deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-# `! P; O# Y- y, V  ]5 e! c
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
  x9 w$ b: B9 P# N8 z% {The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly- M2 v. b0 ?. d2 f* j" ?3 W$ L
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because& {5 Q' ^3 t, ~  }
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
7 d9 I0 E" F- x: x" Gpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
5 K; ^& p! l# d6 o% gdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
* ]8 \- x; z) d4 N" h  }  ~terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
1 z2 r( h* f$ d5 z7 R( zusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
; @$ c; S" x3 `1 I$ v$ NDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
3 f; @4 c* b$ @# E' ~cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to6 [7 b% d6 t* k! T
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
$ |' ?' @  o" f* ^, Y( wSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
7 ?2 }# ~' ^* A5 w) W, Kbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
& r" U" u0 d: w' U; R& veven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
4 P1 S. Z' G3 D  w+ j; s. u6 h( cpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
- R3 f7 }1 f7 o( p9 p: t1 \tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
( f# l; T6 y( P3 rOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,0 M' v" {5 X5 s& f4 k& X% c
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
1 I: z5 B! e& e) Zdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-1 I4 c7 F7 S2 z4 P) c5 k4 V6 m6 d- n
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more2 o" @$ Z& ~: \* O* k
active in young children exposed to testosterone; r6 K8 s, L9 l2 M. _
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-& T/ l, t0 a( V( n) X
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
: ~; F6 J2 {7 `( c, P2 Tvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
: Y* l2 Q' n) O- l0 A7 W& X8 K5 {children results in an increase in growth velocity and1 R) w: V% I' B% Z, f8 x1 l/ [
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
; c6 D! f# T$ b1 M4 Q; hThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during% r1 _  R4 \2 ~$ z/ b2 G9 O
early childhood on pubertal development and final# X, m% C7 P5 q9 f) H9 |; |
adult height are not fully known and always remain
2 j& }- B0 J5 t3 X9 [/ A/ b! |$ A' @a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-' U6 Z& Z( L4 E
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some! s0 r! X8 U, D$ l, B6 ?$ C# z6 I, q
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
0 _0 }7 }/ A% e/ m% x1 q. ecessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
" A5 o* k! B2 S* U3 u- [2 Udecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
1 V9 K, |+ K& H# }There are conflicting reports and controversy8 {+ t* f3 C% b5 `! J
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult$ v  N4 J0 A9 y1 e
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal3 o/ a/ ~( C9 r% W1 z$ }, [" C- O) W
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
7 ?( B  e4 n5 ~9 k0 H* j! j# u* hulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
- O! H7 O7 \; M0 i9 KSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between5 Y2 C$ E2 {& Q4 C% f
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult) T$ _/ i! y5 z) Y, O, L, ]
penile length in clinical studies./ H$ b! m6 a4 r  a4 o/ [# W
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is: s8 J% j8 B. k5 b6 X1 s5 u
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
2 a3 J9 m: q# `6 D) Qtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
$ I$ x8 [* V: z# u5 Lthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.* k# K# y/ }+ ~6 G* E, T
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
; E5 S$ J+ q" H9 Ldiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at& l; U( ~" M" k2 l/ ]
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
3 @4 d0 u1 |7 z+ fheight will not be affected.
% ~; k; |% u* R% c4 RAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
( O- L+ @+ d# B. @ability of androgen products in our society may
: |7 \. O4 _7 o5 Q2 Q, `$ P8 `0 hindeed cause more virilization in male or female% V- ~! J' L$ I, O, X/ `
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
) `! v% N3 K* H7 _' a; `8 sgen products must be considered and specific ques-
0 S" l: d4 F; x' T1 _3 }2 v& rtioning about the use of a testosterone product or  R9 m6 }$ G1 D9 Y* a
gel should be asked of the family members during
" r0 i8 k# @  E& M8 c& Ethe evaluation of any children who present with vir-( m! k  T& J5 q+ g
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
* {. U1 q3 C" E, c. }nosis can be established by just a few tests and by8 H: a; D* I4 f4 a
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a/ `+ a) t! l& H: g4 n. T" ~
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
5 T' |& L6 H9 v( O9 g/ t" I% [result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive! {1 t$ d& W$ X) {
investigation. The primary care physician should be# ]  o2 U8 w8 Z; @: H0 |$ e* }# D
aware of this fact, because most of these children6 ~- |* b+ H8 X" M
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’( d& Y  M' N9 F0 D% [1 x
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
: A- T+ Z% w- ~8 r. Jwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or7 ^# F# _4 P' {* z* p% C! q5 `
female child who might come in contact with some-
4 z2 m+ ^3 b5 }4 H0 |8 sone using any of these products.
" y; ~3 Y* b' D' q- m+ sReferences
9 L+ F# N0 J" T/ C& B: ^6 e' r1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
$ A: k; p# ]8 i: Aand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
  E, c* z5 z$ ~- p7 dEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;% [3 P, x# j0 `+ A
2002: 565-628.2 v: S! K+ s# b: m3 b$ s
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
1 w9 A7 g4 y: M/ H! ?puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
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4个什么样的?
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4 D3 l% s; N- X: u! o  D( N5 C
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
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么好吧v进化过程就回国参加发uft成就和;哦i回来就好v科技股份兄弟人的 路由公开vu个v库每年b
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精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
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