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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
- R8 C D0 Q9 x& x3 UBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
, Y7 A; `3 D. ^( \6 f# F4 `Exposure to Testosterone, T7 F: C/ J% j( D5 T V
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
" z4 Y' P5 g# g D. V1 M. p1 qand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
6 R# I) J! s+ f4 {Clinical Pediatrics. E7 P2 {9 G- ~* ]1 t0 f0 \$ t
Volume 46 Number 6
- u& t' Z& f% d& b9 `6 ~July 2007 540-543
j. [- b& `& @9 K7 H! O, N© 2007 Sage Publications
, j4 \7 T& R7 n" v* G/ W/ J8 j10.1177/0009922806296651$ u5 S6 u+ t3 a7 B0 M4 d. T" A8 M
http://clp.sagepub.com
" q0 _& C" F/ s, W" Jhosted at$ H7 i+ v6 E" P
http://online.sagepub.com
0 w8 M/ Q) c+ @0 OPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,) Z( ?) W+ x, E8 v& m
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
8 k; y G; F, W% s$ U$ nprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated5 }. p+ @3 W2 n; F9 G
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has# r& \9 u, D; @' v/ ^
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system: B0 }' e# H8 R# u+ y! L
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
4 g# Y5 D! A, bby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic* j$ R% _/ Q3 }; S# ~9 x$ I. o y
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
- h" Q9 y, G: N6 y% \2 y- Mcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We T/ v$ u' J5 T1 O
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the: J( |/ k. T5 ?% z. d& D) _% |' l
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-% J6 C/ y& }6 }) n/ {% N3 n
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
* ~# u. `8 W! b; g& F3 `to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
# v+ p% D+ u: K5 u8 Hthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
) z; D! x# W X( v$ M( wmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this. v2 N; ~( ^0 R) f5 Y6 D) P* R
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of0 z5 B$ j, z/ u0 ?2 h- W# c) \/ F
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
) B+ g% O' Y6 J% @& z: Fbly more common than the rare case report in the
6 V; r+ W. r9 q( Pliterature.4
% H; z0 u, |0 G# w" ~5 w& ` k: IPatient Report
; \, v9 B6 G( L; Y% RA 16-month-old white child was referred to the3 z8 K3 I- h) W( Z
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern+ T% x A8 t8 n! r
of early sexual development. His mother noticed+ s& p/ @2 @9 d6 W' u( l) U& @
light colored pubic hair development when he was0 d1 ?. _$ o5 D% u. n% F! x
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of. w; T- q, M& e( U( S4 ^* Z
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
: z. z+ u' x! w" MAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
# v( ^: \% M l# \Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
/ o" u; R3 g0 K7 aMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
+ B5 d; R7 v4 i9 ~9 Te-mail: [email protected].- c8 n& c3 z7 g8 I% y
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
: W" L( Q5 x0 y# Gdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-3 c: Y" f& z4 `$ i/ K
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
+ S; a4 j5 \2 A3 b' W; b+ W6 d- Bwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
- |5 ]8 { M5 R! n! a! T2 La birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
' y6 ^" {# u( M9 a: O5 n; r20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year( {; Q( g( M3 O: M' x
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
- I4 w. W. f0 o# j3 Psolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
. z! i% }) B; V& ?* wand his psychosocial and psychomotor development, P" Q# Q3 T8 l$ U" X9 f
was age appropriate.
+ l, I1 i* w5 l1 d1 w% V/ ^The family history was remarkable for the father,
9 p0 w1 y6 s* n7 xwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,: h3 H' n5 Z$ u- r3 p! I" m! J5 \
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
; N" E' G& y1 w4 X5 o7 |3 i0 Cheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
1 u* v: m* N" N+ K' W1 z5 o% Tearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
+ d& a% \0 i4 \" e; e( a5 xThe father denied taking any other medication. The$ h+ y( {1 Z5 l
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
1 u% Z; }* _: I2 lwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet3 f; {: e- z3 R1 |6 E) Y) z
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
1 o* A8 }3 y, G* [cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
3 ?1 I$ i, F3 s' f! Ctives. There were no siblings.
" L |; y* |5 sPhysical Examination+ e. z, Y! }* e. g7 B
The physical examination revealed a very active,
' S1 }! k6 X% ^ Z7 w* }) Oplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented r9 y3 s; Y1 s4 p* m
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was2 c) n* m5 Q4 {6 i
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg6 ?) \# s& Q+ T- H2 u/ f6 ^' ]
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth9 u: H" Q, i* A! M8 [( N6 f
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of M' ~/ c$ d. |$ w& |. G- X/ p
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.4 I& c$ ?1 v& H3 [; o5 q) ~4 f
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
: R: D" E P& j. Venlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
, ~! a/ H: K# z5 m" ~6 ^8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
& ]8 X. [. a4 r* F ~" |, p( ]developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around7 l j, {# D! z. w1 Z# V5 O& N/ y6 o
540
5 d$ l+ k) ^9 v# y4 Uat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from, O }$ Q0 O/ k2 N8 Q6 c, J
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
/ W2 v+ f0 Y4 A$ m3 O- ptesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.1 d' W. B m; h' c" f9 ?
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
" K$ J" h. _" U/ ]oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no3 L% X6 q( u- ^+ w
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.3 G2 `; c" T/ K O& f
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
- V+ n4 P% R' H4 V7 rbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion5 i; W C( O: G) s' V
of papilledema.) T0 D: [/ [% w+ @# v# u5 Q
Laboratory Evaluation
+ P9 M- [ p& K \6 o. U0 D) dThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
0 _' U/ Y) f; @4 ~# }; s4 wusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
* `% W$ _2 s: C7 n% I2 @$ [1 elogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal' E4 }- ^) ~1 t6 B2 I2 I
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test9 o1 r+ s8 K; _' ]# S$ C2 V$ k* `
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
6 w U4 @# V% Slating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).* J m- d0 Y( u) e o
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood4 F% |0 x) I3 F4 r, M+ [* H
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
' u, G) a8 s7 Y; L3 N4 y; nwithin normal range for his age. The concentration" J- O% m4 P6 r x
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL9 T/ s9 v* f" F4 R) H9 t2 R8 [- ^
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20. z/ i; Y: n9 |
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
( R. ~6 U$ i5 Eterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),* K/ R1 h! z5 y6 m3 ?
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
4 i t2 X! p; j/ m8 z k0 I/ ?49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)4 |; k: T9 ]2 @+ i
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
v% L1 x: K- o0 \( i1 ?tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
B s0 T, a( p$ g \1 [testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
# Y' ~7 ~# Z" t) x Jand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
( U6 M4 j, ~/ N7 |5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
2 |3 p/ T7 s3 K! h( estimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
' ]/ F: K. Y8 i; ~8 ]1 @' S: K( Mconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
' R; F$ Y5 d& ^! L(prepubertal).
V6 @: \* e8 J/ eThe parents were notified about the laboratory% A: {) `8 O# A* j8 U
results and were informed that all of the tests were' P# A0 M% o( |, m! j4 \! c, e5 N
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
9 D4 f/ b {; g% P& nfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
& k1 ^. j3 j5 h3 n) W/ oobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
0 J, s8 M3 N: X( [ever, the family did not return for 4 months.3 C r7 S$ _- C: J: S
Physical examination at this time revealed that the$ `% D( B6 o! U; D$ z- z* @' u
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained# ?2 s4 T/ j/ x& c- O u+ O! v+ O
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
2 `( V3 L' O, V: M6 Aunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
6 Q2 t: Q7 E/ u" g# ^pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
/ A' h) M/ ]1 x5 @% Dthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 24 T* E9 e6 T" u% I9 Z# V* g' P
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
! o7 d- c, _2 Q/ u' m5 F9 M! [The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-9 h! P6 Y, \/ Y0 Z$ x" ^( T
ing frequent erections.1 z7 T2 K( X# T1 I. [$ W
Both parents were again questioned about use of% C4 Z* W) l% r- v/ h6 h* P! N
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
7 S9 g, [6 G) T, Y) g" Q- Ethe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
; y9 j. u1 ?% [Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
/ o5 c' `( z9 I/ r/ juse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
8 ^2 n7 K7 |3 |7 y8 ^ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for/ s1 h) O2 ^, r. z: S9 |' v
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed/ b- g+ d& c/ R* `
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
5 i1 s9 q9 c& c" D: ]4 t; ~$ J1 w0 |scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
: k$ u# U" O+ z$ F2 y0 I- @secondary to depression.
& Y1 n1 A, c& Y4 e) b4 E/ G. |The child slept in the same bed with parents.3 ]& L, u) W; Y) D9 q: K. l
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his# F6 [9 ~' l p) P- l0 H, u
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
( g" T, G$ T' n8 h6 U" {' t& Y. Knificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
3 f5 ~* U0 O$ E% cThe father also admitted that after the phone call,+ }# H% S. L9 k2 }2 o# X, g9 K7 k
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby5 I5 _# g+ C+ P! c5 f# |
was high, he then read the product information& E4 \7 ^! E! W# M5 ~" ^9 b0 E
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
, ^ @1 f2 o" B- f/ Bson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
" K' R7 r Q' G& M% |( Ddecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
7 D. j; i0 z8 A) d) Yfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
1 i$ ]0 u7 ~) Y) X+ `3 w7 h- ebeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone1 R) J. ? Z8 g3 L, ~$ F
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the. I- h( i$ {/ p% \
laboratory to obtain the test.; v9 H. g4 I/ ]4 @' f! Z! H" A# D
Discussion- j: {, x* d7 ^; D" k# o
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary9 y: F$ D: I1 J/ I+ C6 d/ Z
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4: [3 ^# w3 b; M! b7 l6 \
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
9 z$ n- g+ e1 @5 v# M$ m1 ?it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
" b# q# }( C/ m+ C8 \thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
7 J1 n t. F5 a1 ]$ Tmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
5 _* C/ N/ D. s( G+ L, T3 Gmay have a central nervous system lesion that is$ F: N" l& K& t1 n
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
8 _4 e2 h$ f& z& _) C+ d7 hamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
- p; r7 E6 ~: K' }- a, k7 e/ _$ C/ Dsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
: E" Z. v7 m* V$ e0 Bboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-) h; }: e% R- T% d7 A
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-3 Z) t% @/ t7 l
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
. p, Z6 T/ [) T3 s' S7 Sgonadotropins.1,3! }. Y0 N5 i8 C
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
' r, C' B _/ U' x7 q. dcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate9 u" B# P7 o0 }$ W, T
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
. o. K6 m6 {6 d' Dexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
* g5 e. D2 P+ C7 B( M6 fulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing1 Q4 ^7 ]8 d5 H4 ^1 E; n m
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive5 {3 j+ |2 x$ L( }
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious' M7 G9 A& i* G" X; y8 V
puberty in boys.3,43 W1 r D& [$ Y# y4 {5 \( d( H
The most common form of congenital adrenal" x) c, `' A$ \! p0 s( b
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
y) G( k+ ]( l' RThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in |% r8 x" C: [* X! s/ ]' K6 `
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,/ Y& D4 ]# |+ s$ h* L3 d
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
1 x9 s7 K9 G v8 V2 u+ ]excess.1,3
I' k7 @; d) P6 h7 D: Iat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
. n& _% u5 E" k/ e% [542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20078 {9 f @- o( q: g4 k
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
! k! H u4 F9 d- D8 P4 U1 ?( t) x* Eindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
2 x: W9 p I) `: a/ i" n9 Das testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
4 g3 h5 k( J' ? g. [6 T; avery young age. The physical findings in these boys
1 n) c/ z; B0 U* Mwith this disorder are full pubertal development,5 @, c- {( g0 v$ [9 C" O7 D
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
& V" K* w3 a9 S8 x8 U4 ^with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder7 M2 T4 {% g, ^. o6 l5 h
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
/ Q" \$ \: U0 L: b% K- P: j5 ipubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-' e7 A3 L ]/ O2 d6 c
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked' K3 ^ L0 W. A* Q* c
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
* V+ M0 n ?* tmales; therefore, other male members of the family* m- I# d; v# L+ X2 `' n; t
may have similar precocious puberty.3
" a/ I- X8 N; x- ZIn our patient, physical examination was incon-) P9 L" S ]& ~. `
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-7 }% i" c" A( x0 m) Z$ n
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis6 z: l& H( Y3 Q' k4 I! h4 P' L
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
2 I0 D ]+ Z% ~- z* vstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,0 s. N# X4 j4 q
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
9 q" Q! j3 g% Obeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-8 Q3 I( R7 C! O" b! v, A5 X D, u
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our% b5 V/ A% A+ z2 k/ d
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,4 I9 a5 [( ^. {/ g) s2 g: d
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
# m: {# R. E& }: T2 cdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
7 C3 S) K- j( u/ j' n, X7 Hing the normal level of adrenal steroids.$ u6 Y; l2 v5 A4 u8 K: D# l7 V. \
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly- r7 A: j. h i! B: w
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because7 M; q7 c, w5 `* K7 i/ z
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
' C; n) d1 X/ P; N- y9 M; F% \; \pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
/ w/ ` q% W3 c, { ?6 gdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
# G/ o* @- `' `/ D: k2 d: fterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was7 b: Z, T6 o) x3 }/ o
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’5 a0 ~5 J. C+ W5 V1 K( i
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or. V3 W: P9 n# A% q6 ] X
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to5 x% ^4 P r9 i: d0 _
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.7 E) ]$ [' \$ X# c; y% {8 G( s
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
* |" r F: V& n! |+ bbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
, A* `/ u6 |) m4 L4 c1 geven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
; ]) D' c/ T" F& H1 U Tpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-' ?- H% r3 `2 z* M7 i; a' z1 `& `
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented. F+ I$ Y4 j. ?/ P5 H+ d
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL, o% w. r0 t1 d' f0 f' j& `
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that( i/ w& ?1 j2 B) L( S/ Q5 c B0 e
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
8 o; @/ D# n i. y$ ^8 N; ?( Iterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more- B# R& _0 O% x3 I0 D8 ]% p9 F) U
active in young children exposed to testosterone
) Z8 X6 N |1 o- Bexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-* G$ |% t5 G' U8 ~$ @3 A
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to3 G+ D- g+ K& U. a
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
3 a% v6 M1 |7 r* Ichildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
4 U0 Y, p) a" u( @6 O r: Wadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
# w' p2 ? U3 R1 yThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during+ d$ ?+ _* r# `& i- F* b$ T8 H
early childhood on pubertal development and final
* L4 Z7 W% w% g) {adult height are not fully known and always remain0 [7 n0 Y0 e: C# P& k7 c
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-3 r$ N3 s8 P4 p/ B J: a+ ~
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
: M" h9 K Q7 Y& A9 w7 `# u$ j6 S; Racceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after/ n/ [7 n/ x3 c) h+ t
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation- w$ o1 i& [- a& h7 t) H5 Q/ v- G
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
' u. u7 [1 g8 W& BThere are conflicting reports and controversy
/ _9 c' D) |+ L" ~4 R- J5 sover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult& H. w" M8 l% z; X: c
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal% X( u" m/ @" _ t
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
/ ~) H P5 Z% L, m3 `$ f: t3 b Sulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,- ]1 Q* b. n8 s+ G9 ~* |
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
. R% c7 }7 U( i& @) Q& O" cchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult/ `% V, {- f7 d% o( B: }
penile length in clinical studies.
5 x4 d7 e7 G1 ^0 XNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
5 f& z% Q9 g. Q! Ygoing to experience any of the untoward effects from: O" i) a( f6 \ h2 B- U- }
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because; P' {* Y; K' k# C
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
( E$ [( C+ G4 Q0 B( yAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of) M: G2 V; g! }- o( C
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
. l5 ^% A- {+ R. F! Y2 Rthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
! @0 W2 F7 U, v7 X) \height will not be affected.9 R* o+ z; Y. s( q
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
! \4 d, L1 S( Dability of androgen products in our society may+ j1 P4 Q% C, B: L: ~0 n$ Q1 \
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
* r# x* P2 }1 Z; J6 X+ E |" ?children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
5 b4 Q8 c8 A$ ], u( ?; _; H& vgen products must be considered and specific ques-
$ K `/ e" \8 g6 ]$ L6 o& S/ t( J1 Utioning about the use of a testosterone product or0 ~% r5 U9 s; x4 V1 j) k. V4 R; g% l
gel should be asked of the family members during
- z. X; v0 R. B$ x' a$ K3 c- Pthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-/ [ F l: f. o
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
/ ^5 S5 \ T0 Ynosis can be established by just a few tests and by1 ~. r4 U/ ]7 e( k' I* M
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a9 Z4 I8 O3 x. N4 y) C
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may, e8 Q1 k: A$ M F# c1 B+ ]5 a
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
2 w& v. N! _9 Ainvestigation. The primary care physician should be
5 T$ Y! a5 O) C9 T8 m; ^aware of this fact, because most of these children
! j- y& F( W7 M* m& g" Lmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’% ]9 S, Q7 N# R: }
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
d6 L; f$ J% n# f7 Qwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or" b) k6 O! O" h# K9 R. j
female child who might come in contact with some-+ E* J; z3 o% j4 m
one using any of these products.
& u9 b) y0 o7 A* z, xReferences9 r: J8 @. X1 E' a. S, z. X
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation, i9 i, P0 d5 U9 l1 h8 E( o9 m
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric. u P; N, G: }9 p# r& r3 N
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;" t, s. o# z6 A! S
2002: 565-628.* k5 w9 b& |! X5 `
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious* ^8 P% W, @ m" C/ r( L
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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